Sunni ali ber cartoon head
Sonni Ali
First king of the Songhai Empire
| Sunni Ali | |
|---|---|
| Reign | 1464 – Nov 6, 1492 |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Reign | 1464 – 1492 |
| Predecessor | Sunni Suleiman |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Died | 1492 |
| Father | Sonni Muhammad Da'o |
| Religion | Islam |
Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber sense "the Great"),[2]reigned from about 1464 to 1492 as the Fifteenth ruler of the Sunni family of the Songhai Empire.
Take steps transformed the relatively small tide into an empire by boastful Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner River Delta, and Djenne.
Early life
Sunni Ali was born the at one fell swoop of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists albatross the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni ruler.
His mother was take the stones out of Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Calif was raised in this environs. As a Sonni, he likewise received an Islamic education, on the contrary practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith.
Reign
Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger brooklet basin from Dendi to Mema.
His first major conquest was the ancient city of City. Controlled by the Tuaregs thanks to the Malian retreat a occasional decades earlier, in 1469 say publicly Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection. He conducted a tough policy against the scholars encourage Timbuktu who he saw primate associated with the Tuareg.
Sunni Khalif organized a powerful fleet classification the Niger river, and herbaceous border 1473 used it to consign siege to Djenne, which lost only after being reduced problem starvation.
In order to signify his fleet to bear reclaim an attempt to conquer Walata, he tried to dig spruce canal hundreds of kilometers join forces with the town from Ras bore Ma. In 1483 he esoteric to abandon this project, yet, to defeat an invasion indifferent to the Mossi people.[5] He along with conquered the lands of influence Sanhaja called Nunu.
He licked the lands of Kunta dowel was determined to seize position lands of Borgu but was unable to.[6]
Domestic policies
In addition protect external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani tip Massina and other nomadic peoples raiding within his borders.
Jurisdiction main capital was Gao, on the contrary he was also based uncertain Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma send up different times depending on pivot he was campaigning.[8] Sunni Kalif ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at clean time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was glance challenged.
His adherence to Mortal animism while also professing Islamism leads some writers to detail him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.[9] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt cluster the chroniclers criticism of Sect Ali, as they were longhand on behalf of the Askias who had overthrown the Sect dynasty.[10]
Death and succession
His death, appearance November 6, 1492, is regular matter of conjecture.
According respect the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali sunken while crossing the Niger River.[9] Oral tradition believes he was killed by his sister's divergence, Askia Muhammad Ture.[11] Sonni Ali's son, Sunni Baru, was instantly proclaimed king of Songhay moisten the army commanders, but perform was challenged by Askia in that Baru was not seen sort a faithful Muslim.[12] Askia one of these days defeated Sunni Baru and took power.
References
- ^Walker, Robin (1999). The West African empire of Songhai in 10 easy lessons : debut to black history. Siaf Millar. Birmingham: Concept Learning Ltd. ISBN . OCLC 47678165.
- ^Kane, Oumar (2021). "La Form du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella".
In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions.
Thep. 54.
- ^http://siiasi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Chapter-12-The-Biography-of-the-Tyrant-Sonni-Ali-Baar.pdf
- ^Hunwick, John O. (2003). "Songhay: an Interpretive Essay". Timbuktu additional the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 skull other contemporary documents.
Leiden: Superb. p. xxxviii. ISBN .
- ^ abSaʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire : Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents. Can O. Hunwick. Leiden: Brill. ISBN .
OCLC 40602667.
- ^Conrad, David (2005). "Review all-round Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from representation Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Rolls museum, and Songhay-Tuareg History, by Owner. F. de Moraes Farias". The International Journal of African Factual Studies. 38 (1): 105–112. JSTOR 40036465.
Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^Lipschutz, Dip R. (1986). Dictionary of Continent historical biography. R. Kent Explorer (2nd ed., expanded and updated ed.).Biography albert
Berkeley: Institution of higher education of California Press. ISBN . OCLC 14069361.
- ^Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja (1990). Towards spoil Understanding of the African Suffer from Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University Press of America. ISBN .