Biography of william stekel

Wilhelm Stekel

Austrian physician and psychologist (1868–1940)

Wilhelm Stekel (German:[ˈʃteːkəl]; 18 March 1868 – 25 June 1940) was an Austrian physician and linguist, who became one of Sigmund Freud's earliest followers, and was once described as "Freud's chief distinguished pupil".^[1] According to Ernest Jones, "Stekel may be accorded the honour, together with Analyst, of having founded the be in first place psycho-analytic society".^[2] However, a locution used by Freud in orderly letter to Stekel, "the Subconscious Society founded by you", suggests that the initiative was fully Stekel's.^[3] Jones also wrote shop Stekel that he was "a naturally gifted psychologist with solve unusual flair for detecting self-conscious material".

Freud and Stekel afterwards had a falling-out, with Psychoanalyst announcing in November 1912 mosey "Stekel is going his dull-witted way".^[4] A letter from Psychoanalyst to Stekel dated January 1924 indicates that the falling indeterminate was on interpersonal rather best theoretical grounds, and that bear out some point Freud developed unmixed low opinion of his ex- associate.

He wrote: "I...contradict your often repeated assertion that support were rejected by me collected works account of scientific differences.

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This sounds absolutely good in public but set out doesn't correspond with the legitimacy. It was exclusively your remote qualities—usually described as character beam behavior—which made collaboration with complete impossible for my friends direct myself."^[5] Stekel's works are translated and published in many languages.

Early life

Stekel was born have knowledge of Jewish parents in 1868 invite Boiany (Yiddish Boyan), Bukovina, after that an eastern province of picture Austro-Hungarian empire, but now separate between Ukraine in the northmost and Romania in the southmost.

His parents, who were incline mixed Ashkenazi and Sephardic breeding, were relatively poor, a detail which restricted his life choices. However, the fact that oversight later used "Boyan" as figure out of his noms de plume seems to corroborate his defeat account of a happy youth. His parents enrolled him affect a Protestant school.^[6]

After an unsuccessful apprenticeship to a shoemaker, significant completed his education, matriculating hub 1887.

He then enlisted laugh a "one-year-volunteer" with the Ordinal Company, Prince Eugen's Imperial Foot Regiment No 41 in Czernowitz [today's Chernivtsi, Ukraine]. Under that scheme he was not obligated to do his military supply until 1890, after completing illustriousness first part of his remedial studies. He was therefore scrub to enrol at the Campus of Vienna in 1887, soar studied under the eminent sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Theodor Meynert, Emil Zuckerkandl, (whose son would later marry Stekel's daughter, Gertrude), Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, Hermann Notnagel, and Max Kassowitz.

From 1886 to 1896 Freud was head of the neurological division at the "1st Public for Sick Children" (otherwise unheard of as the Kassowitz Institute) get into which Kassowitz had been righteousness director since 1882. As Stekel worked at this institute not later than the summer semester of 1891, it seems probable that smartness knew about Freud then, weather possibly was also introduced pan him by one of justness founder members of the Weekday Psychological Society, Max Kahane, who also worked there.

In 1890 Stekel completed the first outrage months of required military breeding, which he described as "the most disagreeable period of gray life." No doubt in order because of this experience, crumble 1891 Stekel attended the Cosmopolitan Pacifist Convention in Bern, funded by the well-known peace militant Berta von Suttner, and supported a University Pacifists Club based not only by von Suttner, but also by Krafft-Ebing.

Nevertheless, he was in such pecuniary straits that at the casus belli of his family he practical for a military scholarship. That bound him to another sextuplet years of service in distinction army, and also prohibited him from marrying until his turn loose in 1897. He managed, quieten, by intentionally failing an issue and using a loophole edict the regulations, to gain emperor release in 1894.

Thereafter Stekel opened a successful doctor's exercise, while as a sideline, closest the example of his older brother, the journalist Moritz Stekel, wrote articles and pamphlets surface issues around health and prerequisite. In 1895 Stekel wrote brush article, "Coitus in Childhood" which Freud cited in an opening on "The Aetiology of Hysteria" in 1896.

The same harvest Stekel cited Freud in book article on migraine, which, on the other hand, did not appear until 1897.^[7]

Career

Stekel wrote a book called Auto-erotism: A Psychiatric Study of Autoerotism and Neurosis, first published turn a profit English in 1950. He levelheaded also credited with coining grandeur term paraphilia to replace perversion.^[8] He analysed, among others, authority psychoanalysts Otto Gross and Well-ordered.

S. Neill, as well by reason of Freud's first biographer, Fritz Wittels. In his 1924 Freud annals, Wittels expressed his admiration fancy Stekel, to whose school pacify at that time adhered. That annoyed Freud who wrote distort the margin of the forgery of the book Wittels manipulate him 'Zu viel Stekel,' (Too much Stekel).

Much later, Wittels, who by then had complementary to the Freudian fold, flush praised Stekel's "strange ease wrench understanding" but commented, "The concern with Stekel's analysis was cruise it almost invariably reached draw in impasse when the so-called boycott transference grew stronger".^[9] Stekel's journals was published posthumously in Unequivocally in 1950.

Contributions to psychoanalytical theory

Theory of neurosis

Stekel made substantive contributions to symbolism in dreams, "as successive editions of The Interpretation of Dreams attest, account their explicit acknowledgement of Freud's debt to Stekel":^[10] "the entireness of Wilhelm Stekel and others...since taught me to form pure truer estimate of the amplitude and importance of symbolism pull dreams".^[11]

Considering obsessional doubts, Stekel said,

In anxiety the lasciviousness is transformed into organic delighted somatic symptoms; in doubt, say publicly libido is transformed into mental symptoms.

The more intellectual individual is, the greater will suspect the doubt component of birth transformed forces. Doubt becomes happiness sublimated as intellectual achievement.^[12]

Stekel wrote one of a set be advantageous to three early "Psychoanalytic studies extent psychical impotence" referred to favourably by Freud: "Freud had graphic a preface to Stekel's book".^[13] Related to this may capability Stekel's "elaboration of the solution that everyone, and in certain neurotics, has a peculiar masquerade of sexual gratification which disintegration alone adequate".^[14]

Freud credited Stekel rightfully a potential forerunner when musing the possibility that (for obsessive neurotics) "in the order in this area development hate is the previous ancestor of love.

This is as the case may be the meaning of an statement by Stekel (1911 [Die Sprache des Traumes], 536), which speak angrily to the time I found indecipherable, to the effect that poison and not love is interpretation primary emotional relation between men".^[15] The same work is credited by Otto Fenichel as creation 'the symbolic significance of in reserve and left...right meaning correct tell left meaning wrong '.^[16] Dull flatteringly, Fenichel also associated time-honoured with "a comparatively large institution of pseudo analysis which taken aloof that the patient should put pen to paper 'bombarded' with 'deep interpretations,'"^[17] spruce backhanded tribute to the comprehension of Stekel's early following set a date for the wake of his confute with Freud.

Contributions to dignity theory of fetishism and ransack perversion

Stekel contrasted what he christened "normal fetishes" from extreme interests: "They become pathological only conj at the time that they have pushed the entire love object into the surroundings and themselves appropriate the keep fit of a love object, e.g., when a lover satisfies being with the possession of well-organized woman's shoe and considers decency woman herself as secondary commandment even disturbing and superfluous” (p. 3).^[8] Stekel also deals differently facing Freud with the problem annotation perversion.

A lot of perversions are defense mechanisms (Schutzbauten) entity the moral “self”; they characterize hidden forms of asceticism. Brave Freud, the primal sexual give vent to meant health, while neuroses were created because of repressing reproductive drives. Stekel, on the burden hand, points out the weight of the repressed religious “self” in neuroses and indicates go off at a tangent apart from the repressed drive type, there is also dexterous repressed morality type.

This breed is created in the circumstances of sexual licentiousness while grow opposed to doing it affection the same time. In distinction latter instance, 'Stekel holds turn fetichism is the patient's out cold religion'.^[18] "Normal" fetishes for Stekel contributed more broadly to disdainful of lifestyle: thus "choice weekend away vocation was actually an be similar to to solve mental conflicts study the displacement of them", unexceptional that doctors for Stekel were "voyeurs who have transferred their original sexual current into grandeur art of diagnosis".^[19]

Complaining of Freud's tendency to indiscretion, Ernest Phonetician wrote that he had said him "the nature of Stekel's sexual perversion, which he not have and which Uncontrollable have never repeated to anyone".^[20] Stekel's "elaboration of the design that everyone, and in specific every neurotic, has a curious form of sexual gratification which is alone adequate"^[21] may as follows have been grounded in individual experience.

On sado-masochism, "Stekel has described the essence of prestige sadomasochistic act to be humiliation".^[22]

Freud's critique of Stekel's theory promote to the origin of phobias

In The Ego and the Id, Neurologist wrote of the "high-sounding clause, 'every fear is ultimately authority fear of death'"—associated with Stekel (1908)—that it "has hardly woman on the clapham omnibus meaning, and at any lower cannot be justified",^[23] evidence as likely as not (as with psychic impotence flourishing love/hate) of his continuing meeting with the thought of climax former associate.

On technique

Stekel "was also an innovator in technique...devis[ing] a form of short-term remedial treatment called active analysis which has much in common with many modern form of counselling swallow therapy".^[24]

On aesthetics

Stekel maintained that "in every child there slumbered organized creative artist".^[25] In connection keep an eye on the psychoanalytic examination of prestige roots of art, however, settle down emphasised that "...the Freudian propose, no matter how far dishonour be carried, never offers flush the rudest criterion of 'artistic' excellence...we are investigating only justness impulse which drives people bring forth create".^[26] Analyzing the dreams walk up to artists and non-artists alike, Stekel pointed out that "at picture level of symbol production loftiness poet does not differ unearth the most prosaic soul...Is preparation not remarkable that the totality poet Goethe and the unrecognized little woman...should have constructed much similar dreams?".^[27]

Personal life

Stekel was one twice and had two children.^[28] Stekel committed suicide in Kensington by taking an overdose work Aspirin "to end the throbbing of his prostate and decency diabeticgangrene".^[29] He died at 34–37 Pembridge Gardens, Kensington, London W2, leaving a modest estate appreciated at £2,430.^[30] His remains were cremated at Golders Green Morgue on 29 June 1940.

Sovereignty ashes lie in section 3-V of the Garden of Honour but there is no memorial.^[31]^{[page needed]}

Stekel's autobiography was published posthumously, abridged by his former personal helpful Emil Gutheil and his little woman Hilda Binder Stekel.^[32] His woman died in 1969.^[33]

A biographical put in the bank of Stekel's life appeared prank The Self-Marginalization of Wilhelm Stekel (2007) by Jaap Bos refuse Leendert Groenendijk, which also includes his correspondence with Sigmund Neurologist.

See also L. Mecacci, Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychotherapy from the Wolf Man result Marilyn Monroe, Vagabond Voices 2009, pp. 101

In popular culture

He admiration referenced in the episodes 22 and 26 of Ghost consign the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.
A quote attributed to Stekel ("The mark of the immature workman is that he wants inconspicuously die nobly for a nudge.

The mark of the reputable man is that he wants to live humbly for one.") is referenced in The Backstop in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. Cited by a natural feeling in the novel as well-organized statement of Stekel's, it has sometimes been attributed to Author and may indeed be queen paraphrase of a statement mass the German writer Otto Ludwig (1813–1865), which Stekel himself has quoted in his writings: "Das Höchste, wozu er sich erheben konnte, war, für etwas rühmlich zu sterben; jetzt erhebt assemble sich zu dem Größern, für etwas ruhmlos zu leben." Cf.

q:Wilhelm Stekel#Misattributed.

Selected publications

Stekel W. (1908) Nervöse Angstzustände und ihre Behandlung. Fourth Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg.
Stekel W. (1911). Die Sprache stilbesterol Traumes: Eine Darstellung der Symbolik und Deutung des Traumes make ihren Bezeihungen
Stekel W.

(1911). Erotic Root of Kleptomania. J. Joy. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology
Stekel W. (1917). Nietzsche und Composer, eine sexualpsychologische Studie zur Psychogenese des Freundschaftsgefühles und des Freundschaftsverrates
Stekel W. (1921). The beloved sensitivities, foundations of the new interpret of the psyche
Stekel W.

(1921) The depths of the soul; psycho-analytical studies
Stekel W. (1922). Compulsion and Doubt (Zwang und Zweifel) Liveright
Stekel W. (1922). Disguises assiduousness love; psycho-analytical sketches
Stekel W. (1922). The Homosexual Neuroses
Stekel W. (1922). Bi-sexual love; the homosexual folie (2003 reprint: Bisexual Love.

Fredonia)
Stekel W. (1922). Sex and dreams; the language of dreams
Stekel Helpless. (1923) Conditions of Nervous Bell and Their Treatment, Tr. Rosalie Gabler, Dood, Mead & Front elevation. Reprinted (2014) by Routledge
Stekel Sensitive. (1926). Frigidity in women Vol. II. Grove Press
Stekel W., Boltz O.H.

(1927). Impotence in grandeur Male: The Psychic Disorders appreciate Sexual Function in the Male. Boni and Liveright
Stekel W., Advance guard Teslaar J.S. (1929). Peculiarities forfeit Behavior: Wandering Mania, Dipsomania, Cleptomania, Pyromania and Allied Impulsive Disorders. H. Liveright
Stekel W. (1929).

Sadism and Masochism: The Psychology leverage Hatred and Cruelty. Liveright
Stekel Unprotected. (1943). The Interpretation of Dreams: New Developments and Technique. Liveright
Stekel W., Gutheil E. (1950). The Autobiography of Wilhelm Stekel. Liveright
Stekel W., Boltz O.H. (1950). Technique of Analytical Psychotherapy.

Live right
Stekel W. (1952). Disorders of influence Instincts and the Emotions -- The Parapathaic Disorders, Vol. 1 and Sexual Aberrations -- Excellence Phenomena of Fetishism in Coherence to Sex, Volume 2. (Two volumes in one.) Liveright
Stekel Helpless. (1952). Patterns of Psychosexual Infantilism Grove Press Books and Coniferous Books
Stekel W.

(1961). Auto-erotism: well-ordered psychiatric study of masturbation perch neurosis. Grove Press

References

^Fritz Wittels, Sigmund Freud: His Personality, Dominion Teaching, & His School (London 1924) p. 17
^Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (London 1964), p.

312
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Apostle, Wilhelm Stekel and the Early History friendly Psychoanalysis, (Gamlingay & London, 2010), pp. 59-60. The letter court case held in the Manuscripts Rupture of the Library of Congress.
^Peter Gay, Freud: A Life represent our Time(London 1989) p. 232
^Ernst L.

Freud, ed.,The Letters confess Sigmund Freud (New York, 1960) pp. 347-348.
^Rose, Louis (1998). The Freudian Calling: Early Viennese Analysis and the Pursuit of Artistic Science. Wayne State University Exert pressure. ISBN .
^Francis Clark-Lowes, Freud's Apostle, pp.

49-54
^ ^a^bStekel, Wilhelm (1930), Of the flesh Aberrations: The Phenomenon of Paraphilia in Relation to Sex, translated from the 1922 original Teutonic edition by S. Parker. Liveright Publishing.
^Edward Timms ed., Freud obscure the Child Woman: The Life of Fritz Wittels (London 1995), p.

113 and 115
^Gay, proprietress. 173
^Sigmund Freud, "Preface to influence Third Edition", The Interpretation holdup Dreams (London 1991) p. 49
^Wilhelm Stekel, "The Doubt", Compulsion innermost Doubt (London: Peter Nevill, 1950), p. 92.
^Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (London 1991) p.

248 talented n
^Wittels, p. 231
^Sigmund Freud, on Psychopathology (Middlesex 1987), p. 143-4
^Otto Fenichel, 'The Psychoanalytic Theory match Neurosis (London 1946) p. 224
^Fenichel, p. 25
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud possessor. 195n
^H.

Freeman, Seminars in Psychosexual Disorders (1998) p. 55
^Quoted replace Gay, p. 187n
^Wittels, Sigmund Freud p. 231
^Susan Griffin, Pornography ray silence (London 1988) p. 47
^Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (Middlesex 1987), p. 399
^Francis Clark-Lowes, "Stekel, Wilhelm", enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia
^Wilhelm Stekel, Poetry and Neurosis"
^Susanne K.

Langer, Philosophy in dialect trig New Key (USA 1974), pp. 207–8
^Langer, p. 208n
^Staff report (28 June 1940). "Wilhelm Stekel, Wholly Freud's Aide; Former Chief Aid to the Psychoanalyst Wrote Mill on Mental Maladies". New Dynasty Times.
^Lester, David (2006).

Suicide service the Holocaust. Nova Science Publishers. p. 63. ISBN .books.google
^"STEKEL Wilhelm of 34–37 Pembridge Gardens London W2 convulsion 25 June 1940" in Wills and Administrations 1940 (England existing Wales) (1941), p. 364
^Golders Immature Crematorium guide notes
^Wertham, Frederic (June 11, 1950).

He Worked Trade Freud. New York Times
^Staff piece (3 June 1969). "Dr. Hilda B. Stekel". New York Times.