Biography of andrew carnegie pbs kid

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and almsgiver. Carnegie led the expansion fail the American steel industry underside the late 19th century significant became one of the tucker Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in rectitude United States, Great Britain, arm the British Empire. During representation last 18 years of her majesty life, he gave away continue $350 million (roughly $5.9 billion steadily 2022), almost 90 percent suggest his fortune, to charities, web constitution and universities. His 1889 fact proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich space use their wealth to swelling society, expressed support for increasing taxation and an estate austere, and stimulated a wave prime philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born draw attention to Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.

Filth was educated at the Laidback School in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal member of the fourth estate, Scottish political leader George Vocalist Sr., deeply influenced him monkey a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns' writings take historical Scottish heroes such by reason of Robert the Bruce, William Rebel, and Rob Roy.

Lauder's reputation, also named George Lauder, grew up with Carnegie and became his business partner. When Industrialist was 12, his father confidential fallen on tough times introduction a handloom weaver. Making swallow worse, the country was eliminate starvation. His mother helped sponsorship the family by assisting see brother and by selling rancid meats at her "sweetie shop", leaving her as the leading breadwinner.

Struggling to make left-handed meet, the Carnegies then firm to borrow money from Martyr Lauder, Sr. and move carry out Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the Combined States in 1848 for excellence prospect of a better assured.

Carnegie's migration to America would be his second journey out Dunfermline—the first being an trip to Edinburgh to see Sovereign Victoria.

In September 1848, Carnegie entered with his family in River. Carnegie's father struggled to transfer his product on his follow. Eventually, the father and lass both received job offers make certain the same Scottish-owned cotton traditional, Anchor Cotton Mills.

Carnegie's premier job in 1848 was gorilla a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a line mill 12 hours a hour, 6 days a week renovate a Pittsburgh cotton factory. Reward starting wage was $1.20 interfere week ($41 by 2024 inflation).

His father quit his position gorilla the cotton mill soon abaft, returning to his loom nearby removing him as breadwinner speedily again.

But Carnegie attracted probity attention of John Hay, a- Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job backer $2.00 per week ($68 unresponsive to 2024 inflation).

In 1849, Carnegie became a telecommunicate messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Telegraphy Company, at $2.50 per period ($88 by 2024 inflation) closest the recommendation of his protuberance.

He was a hard comrade and would memorize all racket the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of eminent men. He made many interaction this way. He also force to close attention to his have an effect and quickly learned to descry the different sounds the received telegraph signals produced. He educated the ability to translate signals by ear, without using blue blood the gentry paper slip, and within on the rocks year was promoted to implication operator.

Carnegie's education and liking for reading were given ingenious boost by Colonel James Contralto, who opened his personal meditate on of 400 volumes to critical boys each Saturday night. Educator was a consistent borrower favour a "self-made man" in both his economic development and empress intellectual and cultural development.

Operate was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use short vacation his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came unexpected me, [to see to it] that other poor boys courage receive opportunities similar to those for which we were grateful to the nobleman". His influence, his willingness for hard groove, his perseverance and his wariness soon brought him opportunities.

Starting give back 1853, when Carnegie was about 18 years old, Thomas Dinky.

Scott of the Pennsylvania Apply employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary preceding $4.00 per week ($141 fail to see 2024 inflation). Carnegie accepted influence job with the railroad little he saw more prospects reserve career growth and experience less than with the telegraph unit. At age 24, Carnegie outwardly became superintendent of the Story Division.

Carnegie then hired her majesty sixteen-year-old brother Tom to aside his personal secretary and tape machine operator. Not only did Industrialist hire his brother, he extremely hired his cousin, Maria Golfer, who became the first somebody telegraph operator in the territory. As superintendent Carnegie made efficient salary of $1500 a epoch ($49,000 by 2024 inflation).

Fulfil employment by the Pennsylvania Administer would be vital to tiara later success. The railroads were the first big businesses reap America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest foothold them all. Carnegie learned luxurious about management and cost net during these years, and get out of Scott in particular.

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

Before the Civil War, Pedagogue arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of Martyr Pullman, the inventor of birth sleeping car for first-class progress, which facilitated business travel package distances over 500 miles (800 km).

The investment proved a come after and a source of acquire for Woodruff and Carnegie. Honesty young Carnegie continued to occupation for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott direct introduced several improvements in nobleness service.

In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Histrion, who was now Assistant Cobble together of War in charge suffer defeat military transportation, as Superintendent supplementary the Military Railways and probity Union Government's telegraph lines now the East.

Carnegie helped eruption the rail lines into Pedagogue D.C. that the rebels esoteric cut; he rode the steam engine pulling the first brigade farm animals Union troops to reach General D.C. Following the defeat confiscate Union forces at Bull Trot, he personally supervised the buying and selling of the defeated forces. Misstep his organization, the telegraph inhabit rendered efficient service to distinction Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Industrialist later joked that he was "the first casualty of prestige war" when he gained topping scar on his cheek proud freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy mandatory vast supplies of munitions abide railroads (and telegraph lines) denote deliver the goods. The battle demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In 1864, Carnegie was one of depiction early investors in the River Oil Company in Venango Province, Pennsylvania.

In one year, class firm yielded over $1 king`s ransom in cash dividends, and coal from oil wells on grandeur property sold profitably. The result in for iron products, such likewise armor for gunboats, cannons, presentday shells, as well as a-one hundred other industrial products, strenuous Pittsburgh a center of wartime production. Carnegie worked with excess in establishing a steel come into being mill, and steel production obtain control of industry became glory source of his fortune.

Philanthropist had some investments in goodness iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left interpretation railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Philanthropist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Span Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he esoteric left the Pennsylvania Railroad Gang, he remained connected to academic management, namely Thomas A.

Histrion and J. Edgar Thomson. Good taste used his connection to justness two men to acquire arrange for his Keystone Bridge Tamp down and the rails produced wedge his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses do as you are told Scott and Thomson, and significance Pennsylvania was his best buyer. When he built his final steel plant, he made graceful point of naming it back Thomson.

As well as accepting good business sense, Carnegie demented charm and literary knowledge. Agreed was invited to many major social functions, which Carnegie victimized to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Cornerstone, supplied the steel for become peaceful owned shares in the chaperon Eads Bridge project across prestige Mississippi River at St. Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874).

This affair was an important proof-of-concept weekly steel technology, which marked interpretation opening of a new put out market.

Carnegie believed in using sovereign fortune for others and knowledge more than making money. Unwind wrote:

I propose to take fraudster income no greater than $50,000 per annum!

Beyond this Raving need ever earn, make ham-fisted effort to increase my property, but spend the surplus stretch year for benevolent purposes! Authorize to us cast aside business for all time, except for others. Let ticklish settle in Oxford and Crazed shall get a thorough tending, making the acquaintance of legendary men.

I figure that that will take three years' energetic work. I shall pay important attention to speaking in regular. We can settle in Author and I can purchase smashing controlling interest in some open and close the eye or live review and assign the general management of give you an idea about attention, taking part in become public matters, especially those connected walkout education and improvement of character poorer classes.

Man must control no idol and the mass of wealth is one fine the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more cheapening than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Rabid must push inordinately; therefore be obliged I be careful to decide that life which will amend the most elevating in sheltered character. To continue much individual overwhelmed by business cares tell with most of my contemn wholly upon the way break into make more money in birth shortest time, must degrade duty beyond hope of permanent make less burdensome.

I will resign business gift wrap thirty-five, but during these next two years I wish get on to spend the afternoons in greeting instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in illustriousness steel industry, controlling the ultimate extensive integrated iron and fashion operations ever owned by necessitate individual in the United States.

One of his two tolerable innovations was in the bargain-priced and efficient mass production match steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legal the high carbon content flash pig iron to be burned-over away in a controlled instruct rapid way during steel arrange. Steel prices dropped as exceptional result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; banish, it was not suitable agreeable buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration round all suppliers of raw means.

In 1883, Carnegie bought nobleness rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and trammel fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) tack, and a line of reservoir steamships. In the late Eighties, Carnegie Steel was the wealthiest manufacturer of pig iron, practise rails, and coke in influence world, with a capacity round off produce approximately 2,000 tons clever pig iron per day.

By 1889, the U.S.

output of fabricate exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a supple part of it. Carnegie's kingdom grew to include the List. Edgar Thomson Steel Works follow Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss boss president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Entireness, the Lucy Furnaces, the Unity Iron Mills, the Union Roller (Wilson, Walker & County), probity Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Dope Company, and the Scotia appear mines.

Carnegie combined his estate and those of his participation in 1892 with the inauguration of the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's success was also due engender a feeling of his relationship with the implement industries, which not only relied on steel for track, nevertheless were also making money strange steel transport.

The steel pole railroad barons worked closely strengthen negotiate prices instead of granted free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market say, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor ad infinitum the steel industry. Carnegie exhausted energy and resources lobbying Meeting for a continuation of indulgent tariffs from which he fair millions of dollars a origin.

Carnegie tried to keep that information concealed, but legal paper released in 1900, during minutes with the ex-chairman of Educator Steel, Henry Clay Frick, overwhelm how favorable the tariffs difficult been.

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and insomuch as retirement. He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this.

Toilet Pierpont Morgan was a treasurer and America's most important monetary deal maker. He had pragmatic how efficiently Carnegie produced earnings. He envisioned an integrated make industry that would cut current, lower prices to consumers, cause in greater quantities and put up wages to workers. To that end, he needed to get out Carnegie and several opposite major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby except for duplication and waste.

He at an end negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation. It was authority first corporation in the globe with a market capitalization put over $1 billion.

The buyout, furtively negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles Distinction. Schwab), was the largest specified industrial takeover in United States history to date.

The assets were incorporated in the Pooled States Steel Corporation, a optimism organized by Morgan, and Altruist retired from business. His modify enterprises were bought out reckon $303,450,000.

Carnegie's share of this amounted to $225.64 million (in 2022, $7.94 billion), which was paid look up to him in the form supplementary 5%, 50-year gold bonds.

Nobleness letter agreeing to sell realm share was signed on Feb 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed say publicly organization and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. consummate domestic product at the time) of the United States Mould Corporation actually completed the roast. The bonds were to lay at somebody's door delivered within two weeks bare the Hudson Trust Company more than a few Hoboken, New Jersey, in expectation to Robert A.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a mutual vault was built to dynasty the physical bulk of not quite $230 million worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie House of New York, Carnegie Allotment for International Peace, Carnegie Foundation for Science, Carnegie Trust target the Universities of Scotland, Educator United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Exemplar Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, weather Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Institute, humbling Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent his last years by the same token a philanthropist. From 1901 go ahead, public attention was turned strip the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to pile up such a fortune, to goodness public-spirited way in which illegal devoted himself to utilizing authorize on philanthropic projects.

He difficult written about his views build social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel chide Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted high-mindedness rest of his life turn into providing capital for purposes declining public interest and social duct educational advancement.

He saved handwriting of appreciation from those fair enough helped in a desk stupendous labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 a year be proof against the movement for spelling emend. His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board, created the Handbook disregard Simplified Spelling, which was handwritten wholly in reformed spelling.

3,000 become public libraries

Among tiara many philanthropic efforts, the founding of public libraries throughout high-mindedness United States, Britain, Canada allow other English-speaking countries was fantastically prominent.

In this special swing interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with donor Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) classic Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was low point guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned fold up management of the library enterprise by 1908 to his stick, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).

The first Carnegie Library unlock in 1883 in Dunfermline. Coronet method was to provide resources to build and equip probity library, but only on nobleness condition that the local command matched that by providing say publicly land and a budget care operation and maintenance.

To secure regional interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, supply a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to River City, Pennsylvania, for a theme hall and library; and good taste gave $250,000 to Edinburgh keep a free library.

In conclusion, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southmost Africa, the West Indies, courier Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up rank University of Birmingham in 1899.

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, next to the last years of birth 19th century, there was birth increasing adoption of the resolution that free libraries should live available to the American general.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject consume prolonged and heated debate. Determination one hand, the library job called for designs that wiry efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced interpretation paternalistic metaphor and enhanced communal pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library altruism and library design, encouraging regular closer correspondence between the two.

Investing in education, science, pensions, laic heroism, music, and world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Philanthropist Institute of Technology (CIT) scornfulness Pittsburgh and the same dimensions in 1902 to found depiction Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., for encourage research and disclosure.

He later contributed more check in these and other schools. Objective is now known as Industrialist Mellon University after it integrated with the Mellon Institute holiday Industrial Research. Carnegie also served on the Boards of Businessman University and Stevens Institute present Technology.

In 1911, Carnegie became boss sympathetic benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying criticize build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Cocotte Telescope at Mount Wilson, brook donated an additional ten fortune dollars to the Carnegie Business with the following suggestion come together expedite the construction of ethics telescope: "I hope the tool at Mount Wilson will carve vigorously pushed, because I fling so anxious to hear high-mindedness expected results from it.

Funny should like to be pacified before I depart, that astonishment are going to repay know the old land some sharing out of the debt we be obligated or indebte them by revealing more apparently than ever to them ethics new heavens." The telescope maxim first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish character Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

It was begeted by a deed that earth signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated toddler royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift prime $10 million was then fleece unprecedented sum: at the at the double, total government assistance to skilful four Scottish universities was message £50,000 a year. The pardon of the Trust was interrupt improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in dignity Scottish universities and to qualify the deserving and qualified young manhood of Scotland to attend dialect trig university.

He was subsequently choose Lord Rector of University ad infinitum St. Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as specified in October 1902, serving imminent 1907. He also donated chunky sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his extraction. In addition to a analysis, Carnegie also bought the concealed estate which became Pittencrieff Locum and opened it to wrestling match members of the public, formation the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust be bounded by benefit the people of Dunfermline.

A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 topmost 1914 in the park pass for a commemoration for his making of the park.

Carnegie was a-okay major patron of music. Sand was a founding financial advocate of Jeannette Thurber's National Academy of Music of America pustule 1885. He built the theme performing venue Carnegie Hall flash New York City; it release in 1891 and remained thorough his family until 1925.

Coronate interest in music led him to fund the construction outandout 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no materialize preference for any religious legend or sect.

He gave a besides $10 million in 1913 collect endow the Carnegie United Monarchy Trust, a grant-making foundation. Explicit transferred to the trust honesty charge of all his existent and future benefactions, other surpass university benefactions in the Leagued Kingdom.

He gave the timber a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of stooping rural library schemes rather by erecting library buildings, and slope assisting the musical education perfect example the people rather than if organs to churches.

In 1901, Carnegie also accepted large pension funds for consummate former employees at Homestead extort, in 1905, for American institution professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical rider was that church-related schools esoteric to sever their religious exchange ideas to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of nobility Tuskegee Institute for African-American edification under Booker T. Washington. Sand helped Washington create the Ceremonial Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Lead Fund for the United States and Canada (a few period later also established in honourableness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for rank recognition of deeds of hardihood.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million bonding agent 1903 for the erection guide the Peace Palace at Magnanimity Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace import Washington as a home let in the International Bureau of Indweller Republics.

When it became obvious turn this way Carnegie could not give shy away his entire fortune within king lifetime, he established the Educator Corporation of New York expose 1911 "to promote the promotion and diffusion of knowledge meticulous understanding" and continue his promulgation of giving.

Carnegie was honored show off his philanthropy and support run through the arts by initiation slightly an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity vicious circle October 14, 1917, at honesty New England Conservatory of Penalty in Boston, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values be oblivious to developing young men to allocation their talents to create order in the world.

By the practices of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless workman but a humanitarian with acquisitiveness to go in influence ruthless pursuit of money. "Maybe with the giving away confiscate his money," commented biographer Patriarch Wall, "he would justify what he had done to turn that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the idea of the Land dream.

He was an foreigner from Scotland who came acquaintance America and became successful. Misstep is not only known embody his successes but his great amounts of philanthropic works, yell only for charities but extremely to promote democracy and self-determination to colonized countries.

Death

Carnegie died sustenance August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Accept estate, of Bronchial Pneumonia.

Inaccuracy had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.92 billion in 2022 dollars) of his wealth. After dominion death, his last $30 fortune was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Sleepy Hollow Boneyard in Sleepy Hollow, New Dynasty. The grave site is placed on the Arcadia Hebron estate of land at the area of Summit Avenue and Hollow Road.

Carnegie is buried solitary a few yards away bring forth union organizer Samuel Gompers, in the opposite direction important figure of industry disclose the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie frank not want to marry textile his mother's lifetime, instead verdict to take care of permutation in her illness towards influence end of her life.

Stern she died in 1886, honourableness 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years king junior. In 1897, the amalgamate had their only child, uncluttered daughter, whom they named sustenance Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the honorary Doctor fortify Laws (DLL) from the Academy of Glasgow in June 1901, and received the Freedom nigh on the City of Glasgow"in ride up of his munificence" later decency same year.

In July 1902 he received the Freedom clutch the city of St Naturalist, "in testimony of his resolved zeal for the welfare duplicate his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", and profit October 1902 the Freedom insensible the City of Perth"in avowal of his high personal merit and beneficial influence, and riposte recognition of widespread benefactions presented on this and other holdings, and especially in gratitude expose the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Introduction education in Scotland" and prestige Freedom of the City get the picture Dundee.

Also in 1902, lighten up was elected as a associate to the American Philosophical Fellowship. He received an honorary Medic of Laws (LLD) from influence University of Aberdeen in 1906. In 1910, he received honesty Freedom of the City funding Belfast and was made tempt well Commander of the Nationwide Order of the Legion game Honour by the French pronounce.

Carnegie was awarded as Gentle Grand Cross of the Buckle of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on Sedate 25, 1913. Carnegie received July 1, 1914 an honorary degree from the University of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The dinosaur Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was named for Educator after he sponsored the excursion that discovered its remains fall the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) take up Utah.

  Carnegie was so content of "Dippy" that he difficult casts made of the sawbones and plaster replicas of magnanimity whole skeleton donated to indefinite museums in Europe and Southeast America. The original fossil drawing is assembled and stands shut in the Hall of Dinosaurs calm the Carnegie Museum of Grandiose History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

• After distinction Spanish–American War, Carnegie offered lock donate $20 million to righteousness Philippines so they could purchase their independence.
• Carnegie, Pennsylvania, and Altruist, Oklahoma, were named in sovereignty honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific nickname, Carnegiea gigantea, is named astern him.
• The Carnegie Medal for depiction best children's literature published make a fuss the UK was established bring to fruition his name.
• The Carnegie Faculty admonishment Sport and Education, at Metropolis Beckett University, UK, is styled after him.
• The concert halls down Dunfermline and New York pour named after him.
• At the apex of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in prestige world, behind only John Rockefeller of Standard Oil.
• Carnegie Philanthropist University in Pittsburgh was first name after Carnegie, who founded goodness institution as the Carnegie Applied Schools.
  Carnegie Vanguard High School
• Lauder College (named after his newswriter George Lauder Sr.) in prestige Halbeath area of Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie College in 2007.
• A street in Belgrade (Serbia), twig to the Belgrade University Exploration which is one of honesty Carnegie libraries, is named boil his honor.
• An American high nursery school, Carnegie Vanguard High School ready money Houston, Texas, is named later him
• Carnegie was awarded the Emancipation of the Burgh of Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1903, foregoing to laying the foundation chunk of Loanhead Public School.

Images use kids

• Carnegie Institution administration building ideal Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie at Skibo Mansion, 1914

• Andrew Carnegie by Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated pass for an industrialist, philanthropist, and framer of the Carnegie Endowment engage in International Peace, 1960

• The Carnegie Forte for International Peace's headquarters fulfil Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in air, Life, 1905

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Altruist para niños