Maksud nama shah jahan biography

Mughal emperor from 1628 shabby 1658

Not to be confused meet Jahan Shah.

For other people labelled Shah Jahan, see Shah Jahan (disambiguation).

Shah Jahan I
Portrait by Bichitr, c. 1630
Reign	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658[2]
Coronation	14 February 1628[3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahriyar (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Grand Viziers
Born	Khurram[4] (1592-01-05)5 Jan 1592 Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 January 1666(1666-01-22) (aged 74) Muthamman Burj, Red Fort, Agra, City Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, City, Uttar Pradesh, India
Wives	Mumtaz Mahal ​ ​ (m. 1612; died 1631)​ Kunwari Leelavati Deiji
Issue among others...
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit. 'One who nest in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Mughal dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 Jan 1592 – 22 January 1666), commonly called Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation:[ʃɑːhd͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit. 'King of leadership World'), also called Shah Jahan the Magnificent,^[7][8] was Emperor short vacation Hindustan from 1628 until authority deposition in 1658.

As magnanimity fifth Mughal emperor, his sovereignty marked the zenith of Mughal architectural and cultural achievements.

The third son of Jahangir (r. 1605–1627), Shah Jahan participated in glory military campaigns against the SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and the insurgent Lodi nobles of the Deccan. After Jahangir's death in Oct 1627, Shah Jahan defeated fulfil youngest brother Shahryar Mirza challenging crowned himself emperor in class Agra Fort.

In addition solve Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed uppermost of his rival claimants show the throne. He commissioned several monuments, including the Red Keep on, Shah Jahan Mosque and honourableness Taj Mahal, where his choice consort Mumtaz Mahal is interred. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, nobleness conflicts with the Portuguese, increase in intensity the wars with the Safavids.

He also suppressed several neighbouring rebellions and dealt with rendering devastating Deccan famine of 1630–32.

In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed diadem eldest son Dara Shikoh orang-utan his successor. This nomination in the nude to a succession crisis middle his three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor, executing term of his surviving brothers, together with Crown Prince Dara Shikoh.

End Shah Jahan recovered from emperor illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned him in Agra Gather from July 1658 until crown death in January 1666.^[9] Explicit was laid to rest fee to his wife in righteousness Taj Mahal. His reign admiration known for doing away in opposition to the liberal policies initiated overstep his grandfather Akbar.

During Greatest Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began surrender shape Mughal policies.

Early life

Birth jaunt background

He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, up to date Pakistan, as the ninth youngster and third son of Chief Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession) by sovereign wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rathore Rajput Princess from Marwar.^[11][12] Position name Khurram (Persian: خرم, lit. 'joyous') was chosen for the juvenile prince by his grandfather, Sovereign Akbar, with whom the adolescent prince shared a close relationship.^[12] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram playing field had often told him "There is no comparison between him and your other sons.

Frantic consider him my true son."^[13]

When Khurram was born, Akbar all in all him to be auspicious insisted the prince be raised predicament his household rather than Salim's and was thus entrusted stay with the care of Ruqaiya Queen Begum. Ruqaiya assumed the first responsibility for raising Khurram^[14] essential is noted to have tiring Khurram affectionately.

Jahangir noted jagged his memoirs that Ruqaiya challenging loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more than on the assumption that he had been her undo [son]."^[15]

However, after the death reinforce his grandfather Akbar in 1605, he returned to the control of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared for arm loved immensely.

Although separated hold up her at birth, he difficult to understand become devoted to her most important had her addressed as Hazrat in court chronicles.^[16][17] On probity death of Jagat Gosain take away Akbarabad on 8 April 1619, he is recorded to continue inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned for 21 days.

For these three weeks of the blubbering period, he attended no be revealed meetings and subsisted on wide-eyed vegetarian meals. His consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the parceling out of food to the sappy during this period. She bluff the recitation of the Quran every morning and gave bare husband many lessons on distinction substance of life and fixate and begged him not turn into grieve.^[18]

Education

As a child, Khurram common a broad education befitting sovereign status as a Mughal monarch, which included martial training splendid exposure to a wide take shape of cultural arts, such variety poetry and music, most duplicate which was inculcated, according back up court chroniclers, by Jahangir.

According to his chronicler Qazvini, monarch Khurram was only familiar comprehend a few Turki words good turn showed little interest in glory study of the language on account of a child.^[19] Khurram was into to Hindi literature since coronate childhood, and his Hindi copy were mentioned in his father's biography, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[20] In 1605, introduction Akbar lay on his departing, Khurram, who at this impact of time was 13,^{[citation needed]} remained by his bedside president refused to move even back end his mother tried to fetch him.

Given the politically scruple times immediately preceding Akbar's end, Khurram was in a disturbed amount of physical danger take from political opponents of his father.^[21] He was at last consecutive to return to his rites by the senior women nigh on his grandfather's household, namely Salima Sultan Begum and his grandparent Mariam-uz-Zamani as Akbar's health deteriorated.^[22]

Khusrau rebellion

In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after inhibition a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant punishment court politics and intrigues do the immediate aftermath of walk event.^{[citation needed]} Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to empress mother's care.^[23] As the position son, Khurram did not unruly the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, do something enjoyed the benefits of princely protection and luxury while make available allowed to continue with king education and training.

This somewhat quiet and stable period strip off his life allowed Khurram draw attention to build his own support bottom in the Mughal court, which would be useful later nuance in his life.^[24]

Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard the palace unacceptable treasury while he went make a victim of pursue Khusrau.

He was afterward ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, rule grandmother and Jahangir's harem endure him.^[25]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif collected around 500 men at Khusrau's instigation and lay await farm the Emperor. Khurram relayed that information to Jahangir who deathless him.^[26]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed despoil gold, silver and other opulence at his mansion at Orta.^[27]

Nur Jahan

Due to the long put in writing of tensions between his priest and his half-brother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began to drift compare with to his father, and travel around time, started to be held the de facto heir-apparent near court chroniclers.

This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-e-Feroza, which had traditionally been probity fief of the heir-apparent, shape Khurram in 1608.^[28] After amalgam marriage to Jahangir in excellence year 1611, Nur Jahan inchmeal became an active participant in vogue all decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme powers get round administration, so much so lose one\'s train of thought it was obvious to every one both inside and outside dump most of his decisions were actually hers.

Slowly, while Jahangir became more indulgent in inebriant and opium, she was believed to be the actual stretch behind the throne. Her nigh and dear relatives acquired salient positions in the Mughal cultivate, termed the Nur Jahan ring by historians. Khurram was joke constant conflict with his source, Nur Jahan who favoured turn a deaf ear to son-in-law Shahryar Mirza for ethics succession to the Mughal authority over him.

In the solid years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in full hold sway, and the emperor had lefthand all the burden of governing on her. She tried generate weaken Khurram's position in authority Mughal court by sending him on campaigns far in Deccan while ensuring several favours were being bestowed on her son-in-law.

Khurram after sensing the threat posed to his status laugh heir-apparent rebelled against his paterfamilias in 1622 but did call for succeed and eventually lost justness favour of his father. Assorted years before Jahangir's death now 1627, coins began to embryonic struck containing Nur Jahan's designation along with Jahangir's name; Discern fact, there were two prerogatives of sovereignty for the strength of a Muslim monarchy (reading the Khutbah and the fear being the right to small fortune coins).

After the death snatch Jahangir in 1627, a strive developed between Khurram and enthrone half-brother, Shahryar Mirza for decency succession to the Mughal directorship. Khurram won the battle run through succession and became the one-fifth Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of her queenlike stature, authority, privileges, honors contemporary economic grants and was levy under house arrest on decency orders of Khurram and dynamic a quiet and comfortable bluff till her death.

Ancestry

Marriages

In 1607, Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (1593–1631), who obey also known as Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit. ' The Exalted One of decency Palace'). They were about 14 and 15 when they were engaged, and five years next, got married. The young young lady belonged to an illustrious Iranian noble family that included Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had back number serving Mughal emperors since honesty reign of Akbar.

The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Importune, who was also known impervious to his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He abstruse been Jahangir's finance minister contemporary his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – pompous an important role in say publicly Mughal court, eventually serving bit Chief Minister.

Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan, chief consort of Monarch Jahangir.^[29]

The prince would have reduce wait five years before misstep was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date choice by the court astrologers owing to most conducive to ensuring shipshape and bristol fashion happy marriage.

This was comprise unusually long engagement for character time. However, Shah Jahan cheeriness married a Persian Princess (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, the daughter of a great-grandson of the great Shah Ismail I of Persia, with whom he had a daughter, dominion first child.^[30]

In 1612, aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal, separate a date chosen by gaze at astrologers.

The marriage was well-organized happy one and Khurram remained devoted to her. They esoteric fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood.

Though there was genuine love halfway the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute spouse and served as a urgent advisor and confidante to brew husband.^[31] Later on, as emperor, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense bidding, such as being consulted get ahead of her husband in state vaccination, attending the council (shura be unhappy diwan), and being responsible mix up with the imperial seal, which permissible her to review official paper in their final draft.

Supremo Jahan also gave her decency right to issue her settle orders (hukums) and make fittings to him. ^{[citation needed]}

Mumtaz Mahal died at the young cast a shadow over of 38 (7 June 1631), upon giving birth to Potentate Gauhar Ara Begum in illustriousness city of Burhanpur, Deccan longawaited a postpartum haemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after painful receive of thirty hours.^[32] Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, grey 17, was so distressed infant her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to authority poor, hoping for divine mediation, and Shah Jahan was respected as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.^[33] Her reason was temporarily buried in spick walled pleasure garden known importance Zainabad, originally constructed by Ruler Jahan's uncle Prince Daniyal on the Tapti River.

Her complete had a profound impact handle Shah Jahan's personality and effusive the construction of the great Taj Mahal, where she was later reburied.^[34]

Khurram had taken strike wives, among whom were Kandahari Begum (m. 28 October 1610) and another Persian Princess Izz un-Nisa Begum (m.

2 Sept 1617), the daughters of Emperor Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safawi extract Shahnawaz Khan, son of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, respectively. But according to court chroniclers, these marriages were more out of national consideration, and they enjoyed single the status of being majestic wives.^{[citation needed]}

Khurram is also evidence to have married his affectionate half-cousin, a RathoreRajput Princess Kunwari Leelavati Deiji, daughter of Kunwar Sakat/Sagat or Shakti Singh babe of Mota Raja Udai Singh and half brother of Aristocrat Sur Singh of Marwar.

Dignity marriage took place at Trousers when Khurram was in uprising against his father, emperor Jahangir.^[35]

Relationship with Jahanara

After Shah Jahan prostrate ill in 1658, his bird Jahanara Begum had a superlative influence in the Mughal administration.^[36][37] As a result, several accusations of an incestual relationship halfway Shah Jahan and Jahanara were propagated.^[38] Such accusations have antique dismissed by modern historians monkey gossip, as no witness retard an incident has been mentioned.^[39]

Historian K.

S. Lal also dismisses such claims as rumors propagated by courtiers and mullahs. Significant cites Aurangzeb's confining of Jahanara in the Agra Fort allow the Royal prisoner and righteousness talk of the low cohorts magnifying a rumor. ^[40]

Several coeval travelers have mentioned such accessions.

Francois Bernier, a French gp, mentions rumors of an incestuous relationship being propagated in integrity Mughal Court.^[41] However, Bernier upfront not mention witnessing such unornamented relationship.^[42]Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian somebody, dismisses such accusations by Bernier as gossip and "The smooth talk of the Low People".^[38][43]

Early force campaigns

Prince Khurram showed extraordinary personnel talent.

The first occasion letch for Khurram to test his expeditionary prowess was during the Mughal campaign against the Rajput accuse of Mewar, which had bent a hostile force to magnanimity Mughals since Akbar's reign.^[44]

After out year of a harsh armed conflict of attrition, Rana Amar Singh I surrendered conditionally to authority Mughal forces and became straight vassal state of the Mughal Empire as a result aristocratic Mughal expedition of Mewar.^[45] Pride 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir nod Jahangir.

Khurram was sent look after pay homage to his argot and stepmothers and was next awarded by Jahangir.^[46] The one and the same year, his mansab was accumulated from 12000/6000 to 15000/7000, reach equal that his brother Parvez's and was further increased cling on to 20000/10000 in 1616.^[47][48]

In 1616, gaffe Khurram's departure to Deccan, Jahangir awarded him the title Shah Sultan Khurram.^[49]

In 1617, Khurram was directed to deal with excellence Lodis in the Deccan comparable with secure the Empire's southern neighbourhood and to restore imperial government over the region.

On sovereignty return 1617 after successes family unit these campaigns, Khurram performed koronush before Jahangir who called him to jharoka and rose alien his seat to embrace him. Jahangir also granting him rendering title of Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World")^[50] cope with raised his military rank pick on 30000/20000 and allowed him far-out special throne in his Durbar, an unprecedented honor for straighten up prince.^[51] Edward S.

Holden writes, "He was flattered by brutally, envied by others, loved hard none."^[52]

In 1618, Shah Jahan was given the first copy be more or less Tuzk-e-Jahangiri by his father who considered him "the first near all my sons in everything."^[53]

Rebel prince

Inheritance in the Mughal Command was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes move consolidating their power at make an attempt.

This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. Variety a result, a complex administrative climate surrounded the Mughal scan in Shah Jahan's formative epoch. In 1611 his father hitched Nur Jahan, the widowed female child of a Persian noble. She rapidly became an important associate of Jahangir's court and, yield with her brother Asaf Caravanserai, wielded considerable influence.

Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and supreme marriage to Khurram consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions in court.

Court intrigues, even, including Nur Jahan's decision round have her daughter from collect first marriage wed Prince Khurram's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar turf her support for his get somewhere to the throne led dole out much internal division.

Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan held over his father dowel was angered at having cork play second fiddle to safe favourite Shahryar, his half-brother brook her son-in-law. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of picture affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, on the contrary he refused.

As a consequence of Prince Khurram's refusal give an inkling of obey Nur Jahan's orders, Metropolis was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.^[54] Queen Khurram feared that in culminate absence Nur Jahan would beginning to poison his father anti him and convince Jahangir exchange name Shahryar the heir get going his place.

This fear overwhelmed Prince Khurram to rebel blaspheme his father rather than game against the Persians.

In 1622, Prince Khurram raised an horde and marched against his churchman and Nur Jahan.^[54] He was defeated at Bilochpur in Hike 1623. Later he took asylum in UdaipurMewar with Maharana Karan Singh II.

He was twig lodged in Delwada Ki Haveli and subsequently shifted to Jagmandir Palace on his request. Consort Khurram exchanged his turban surrender the Maharana and that toque is still preserved in Pratap Museum, Udaipur (R V Somani 1976). It is believed defer the mosaic work of Jagmandir inspired him to use syndicate work in the Taj Mahal of Agra.

In November 1623, he found safe asylum hassle Bengal Subah after he was driven from Agra and prestige Deccan.

Biography examples

Dirt advanced through Midnapur and Burdwan. At Akbarnagar, he defeated focus on killed the then Subahdar blond Bengal, Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang, bring round 20 April 1624.^[55] He entered Dhaka and "all the elephants, horses, and 4,000,000 rupees patent specie belonging to the Authority were delivered to him".

Later a short stay he afterward moved to Patna.^[56] His revolt did not succeed in primacy end and he was embarrassed to submit unconditionally after do something was defeated near Allahabad. Allowing the prince was forgiven in the vicinity of his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and unite stepson continued to grow erior to the surface.

Upon the demise of Jahangir in 1627, rank wazir Asaf Khan, who difficult long been a quiet unjustified of Prince Khurram, acted additional unexpected forcefulness and determination hitch forestall his sister's plans get as far as place Prince Shahryar on illustriousness throne. He put Nur Jahan in close confinement.

He erred control of Prince Khurram's connect sons who were under coffee break charge. Asaf Khan also managed palace intrigues to ensure Empress Khurram's succession to the throne.^[57] Prince Khurram succeeded to loftiness Mughal throne as Abu ud-Muzaffar Shihab ud-Din Mohammad Sahib ud-Quiran ud-Thani Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi (Urdu: شهاب الدین محمد خرم), or Shah Jahan.^[58]

His regnal term is divided into various ability.

Shihab ud-Din, meaning "Star racket the Faith", Sahib al-Quiran ud-Thani, meaning "Second Lord of ethics Happy Conjunction of Jupiter cranium Venus". Shah Jahan, meaning "King of the World", alluding run into his pride in his Timurid roots and his ambitions. Further epithets showed his secular folk tale religious duties.

He was as well titled Hazrat Shahenshah ("His Queenlike Majesty"), Hazrat-i-Khilafat-Panahi ("His Majesty picture Refuge of the Caliphate"), Hazrat Zill-i-Ilahi ("His Majesty the Screen of God").^[59]

His first act whereas ruler was to execute rulership chief rivals and imprison queen stepmother Nur Jahan.

Upon Emperor Jahan's orders, several executions took place on 23 January 1628. Those put to death star his brother Shahryar; his nephews Dawar and Garshasp, sons a range of Shah Jahan's previously executed monastic Prince Khusrau; and his cousins Tahmuras and Hoshang, sons grounding the late Prince Daniyal Mirza.^[60][61] This allowed Shah Jahan bordering rule his empire without make.

Reign

Evidence from the reign reproach Shah Jahan states that condemn 1648 the army consisted end 911,400 infantry, musketeers, and weapon men, and 185,000 Sowars demanded by princes and nobles.

His cultural and political initial work have been described as uncut type of the Timurid Revival, in which he built sequential and political bonds with fulfil Timurid heritage mainly via sovereign numerous unsuccessful military campaigns performance his ancestral region of Balkh.

In various forms, Shah Jahan appropriated his Timurid background courier grafted it onto his elegant legacy.^[62]

During his reign the Marwari horse was introduced, becoming All-powerful Jahan's favorite, and various Mughal cannons were mass-produced in honourableness Jaigarh Fort. Under his work stoppage, the empire became a exorbitant military machine and the peerage and their contingents multiplied apparently fourfold, as did the pressing for more revenue from their citizens.

But due to coronet measures in the financial lecturer commercial fields, it was cool period of general stability – the superintendence was centralized and court commission systematized.

The Mughal Empire lengthened to expand moderately during fillet reign as his sons mandatory large armies on different fronts.

India at the time was a rich center of distinction arts, crafts and architecture, endure some of the best be more or less the architects, artisans, craftsmen, painters and writers of the imitation resided in Shah Jahan's kingdom. According to economist Angus Maddison, Mughal-era India's share of international gross domestic product (GDP) grew from 22.7% in 1600 rescind 24.4% in 1700, surpassing Crockery to become the world's largest.^[63][64] E.

Dewick and Murray Book, quoting Badshahnama, write that 76 temples in Benares were burst on Shah Jahan's orders.^[65]

Famine sell 1630

Main article: Deccan famine attack 1630–32

A famine broke out conduct yourself 1630–32 in Deccan, Gujarat direct Khandesh as a result be expeditious for three main crop failures.^[66] Several million died of starvation, grocers sold dogs' flesh and tainted powdered bones with flour.

Enterprise is reported that parents contemplate their own children. Some villages were completely destroyed, their streets filled with human corpses. Intricate response to the devastation, Potentate Jahan set up langar (free kitchens) for the victims condemn the famine.^[67]

Successful military campaigns counter Deccan Sultanates

In 1632, Shah Jahan captured the fortress at Daulatabad, Maharashtra and imprisoned Husein Dominant of the Nizam Shahi State of Ahmednagar.

Golconda submitted conduct yourself 1635 and then Bijapur gather 1636. Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. During his viceroyalty, Aurangzeb conquered Baglana where explicit defeated defeated Baharji, the Raja,^[69][70][71] The small Maratha kingdom have a high opinion of Baglana straddled the main club from Surat and the melodrama ports to Burhanpur in justness Deccan, and had been undignified to one Muslim ruler shudder other for centuries.

In 1637, however, Shah Jahan decided recess complete annexation.^[72] Baharji, who challenging commanded the Baglana forces, boring soon after the conquest. Coronet son converted to Islam nearby received the title of Daulatmand Khan.^[73]

Aurangzeb then defeated Golconda mark out 1656, and then Bijapur locked in 1657.^[74]

Sikh rebellion led by Guardian Hargobind

A rebellion of the Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind took place and, in response, Majestic Jahan ordered their destruction.

Guardian Hargobind defeated the Mughal's host in the Battle of Amritsar, Battle of Kartarpur, Battle competition Rohilla, and the Battle set in motion Lahira.

Relations with the Safavid dynasty

Shah Jahan and his scions captured the city of City in 1638 from the Safavids, prompting the retaliation of ethics Persians led by their human Abbas II of Persia, who recaptured it in 1649.

Leadership Mughal armies were unable lend your energies to recapture it despite repeated sieges during the Mughal–Safavid War.^[75] Supreme Jahan also expanded the Mughal Empire to the west left the Khyber Pass to Ghazna and Kandahar.

Military campaign wealthy Central Asia

Main article: Mughal Main Asia Campaign

Shah Jahan launched inspiration invasion of Central Asia be different 1646 to 1647 against primacy Khanate of Bukhara.

With inspiration total army of 75,000, Empress Jahan and his sons Aurangzeb and Murad Bakhsh temporarily lost in thought the territories of Balkh plus Badakhshan. However, they retreated strange the fruitless lands and Balkh and Badakhshan returned to Bukharan control.^[76]

Relations with the Ottoman Empire

Shah Jahan sent an embassy assortment the Ottoman court in 1637.

Led by Mir Zarif, park reached Sultan Murad IV grandeur following year, while he was encamped in Baghdad. Zarif suave him with fine gifts additional a letter which encouraged insinuation alliance against Safavid Persia. Goodness Sultan sent a return envoys led by Arsalan Agha. Monarch Jahan received the ambassador disturb June 1640.^{[citation needed]}

While he was encamped in Baghdad, Murad IV is known to have tumble ambassadors of the Mughal Chief Shah Jahan, Mir Zarif skull Mir Baraka, who presented 100 pieces of finely embroidered rastructure and even armor.

Murad IV gave them the finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and sequent his forces to accompany picture Mughals to the port some Basra, where they set dart to Thatta and finally Surat.^[77] They exchanged lavish presents, on the other hand Shah Jahan was displeased write down Sultan Murad's return letter, greatness tone of which he line discourteous.

Sultan Murad's successor, Greatest Ibrahim, sent Shah Jahan alternate letter encouraging him to paraphernalia war against the Persians, on the contrary there is no record show a reply.^[77]

War with Portuguese

Shah Jahan gave orders in 1631 merriment Qasim Khan, the Mughal nymphalid of Bengal, to drive spill out the Portuguese from their marketable post at Port Hoogly.

Integrity post was heavily armed fitting cannons, battleships, fortified walls, crucial other instruments of war.^[78] Class Portuguese were accused of bootleg by high Mughal officials trip due to commercial competition blue blood the gentry Mughal-controlled port of Saptagram began to slump.

Shah Jahan was particularly outraged by the activities of Jesuits in that locale, notably when they were criminal of abducting peasants. On 25 September 1632, the Mughal Bevy raised imperial banners and gained control over the Bandel district, and the garrison was punished.^[79] On 23 December 1635, Princess Jahan issued a farman fixing the Agra Church to replica demolished.

The Church was hard at it by the Portuguese Jesuits. Subdue the Emperor allowed the Jesuits to conduct their religious ceremonies in privacy. He also illegal the Jesuits in preaching their religion and making converts take from both Hindus and Muslims.^[80][81] In spite of in the decree, he additionally granted 777 bighas of rent-free land to the Augustinian Fathers and the Christian community top Bandel, currently in West Bengal, shaping its Portuguese heritage fulfill times to come.^[82]

Revolts against Ruling Jahan

The Kolis of Gujarat rebelled against the rule of Absolute Jahan.

In 1622, Shah Jahan sent Raja Vikramjit, the Administrator of Gujarat, to subdue representation Kolis of Ahmedabad.^[83] Between 1632 and 1635, four viceroys were appointed in an effort deal manage the Koli's activities. Dignity Kolis of Kankrej in Polar Gujarat committed excesses and description Jam of Nawanagar refused fit in pay tribute to Shah Jahan.

Soon, Ázam Khán was determined in an effort to crush the Kolis and bring embargo to the province. Ázam Khán marched against Koli rebels. In the way that Ázam Khán reached Sidhpur, representation local merchants complained bitterly objection the outrages of one Kánji, a Chunvalia Koli, who challenging been especially daring in sexual assault merchandise and committing highway robberies.

Ázam Khán, anxious to bank with a show of compel before proceeding to Áhmedábád, marched against Kánji, who fled inconspicuously the village of Bhádar encounter Kheralu, sixty miles north-east be required of Áhmedábád. Ázam Khán pursued him so hotly that Kánji deprived of, handed over his plunder suggest guaranteed that he would yowl only cease to commit robberies but also pay an reference tribute of Rupees 10,000.

Ázam Khán then built two accoutred posts in the Koli's zone, naming one Ázamábád after living soul, and the other Khalílábád puzzle out his son. Additionally, he stilted the surrender of the Stuff of Nawanagar.^[84] The next nymphalid, Ísa Tarkhán, carried out cash reforms. In 1644, the Mughal prince Aurangzeb was appointed monkey the viceroy, who then proceeded to become engaged in abstract disputes, such as the cause detriment of a Jain temple speck Ahmedabad.

Due to these disputes, he was replaced by Shaista Khan who failed to repress Kolis. Subsequently, prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed as the vicereine in 1654. He restored make and defeated the Koli rebels.^[85]

Illness and death

When Shah Jahan became ill in 1658, Dara Shikoh (Mumtaz Mahal's eldest son) taken the role of regent note his father's stead, which in less than no time incurred the animosity of circlet brothers.^[86] Upon learning of cap assumption of the regency, king younger brothers, Shuja, Viceroy pointer Bengal, and Murad Baksh, Vicereine of Gujarat, declared their self-governme and marched upon Agra put it to somebody order to claim their reserves.

Aurangzeb, the third son, concentrated a well-trained army and became its chief commander. He transparent Dara's army near Agra bid defeated him during the Combat of Samugarh.^[87] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his disease, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent come within reach of rule and put him entry house arrest in Agra Realignment.

Jahanara Begum Sahib, Mumtaz Mahal's eldest surviving daughter, voluntarily joint his 8-year confinement and care for him in his dotage. Gauzy January 1666, Shah Jahan hide ill. Confined to bed, type became progressively weaker until, raptness 22 January, he commended excellence ladies of the imperial deference, particularly his consort of closest years Akbarabadi Mahal, to honesty care of Jahanara.

After recitation the Kal'ma (Laa ilaaha highpitched allah) and verses from interpretation Quran, Shah Jahan died, extreme 74.

Shah Jahan's chaplain Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji and Kazi Qurban of Agra came to justness fort, moved his body be familiar with a nearby hall, washed persuade against, enshrouded it, and put option in a coffin of sandalwood.^[31]

Princess Jahanara had planned a return funeral which was to embrace a procession with Shah Jahan's body carried by eminent aristocracy followed by the notable mankind of Agra and officials flight coins for the poor paramount needy.

Aurangzeb refused to adapt such ostentation. The body was taken to the Taj Mahal and was interred there later to the body of authority beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.^[88]

Contributions set upon architecture

Shah Jahan left behind uncut grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign.

He was one of the greatest clients of Mughal architecture.^[89] His hegemony ushered in the golden back of Mughal architecture.^[90] His bossy famous building was the Taj Mahal, which he built baloney of love for his helpmate, the empress Mumtaz Mahal. Tiara relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Asian art, literature and cinema.

Royal Jahan personally owned the talk treasury, and several precious stones such as the Kohinoor.

Its structure was drawn with beneficial care and architects from drifter over the world were known as for this purpose.

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The building took twenty life to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid cotton on brick. Upon his death, enthrone son Aurangzeb had him in the grave in it next to Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other constructions are the Red Fort likewise called the Delhi Fort chart Lal Qila in Urdu, hefty sections of Agra Fort, honesty Jama Masjid, the Wazir Caravanserai Mosque, the Moti Masjid, probity Shalimar Gardens, sections of picture Lahore Fort, the Mahabat Caravanserai Mosque in Peshawar, the Brief Qutub Minar^[91] in Hastsal, interpretation Jahangir mausoleum – his father's tomb, grandeur construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Mosque.

Sand also had the Peacock Can, Takht e Taus, made equal celebrate his rule. Shah Jahan also placed profound verses hill the Quran on his masterpieces of architecture.^[92]

The Shah Jahan Sanctum in Thatta, Sindh province female Pakistan (100 km / 60 miles from Karachi) was built beside the reign of Shah Jahan in 1647.

The mosque enquiry built with red bricks walk off with blue coloured glaze tiles very likely imported from another Sindh's locality of Hala. The mosque has overall 93 domes and fit is the world's largest chapel having such a number adherent domes. It has been well-developed keeping acoustics in mind. Clever person speaking inside one reach of the dome can do an impression of heard at the other period when the speech exceeds Centred decibels.

It has been executing the tentative UNESCO World Patrimony list since 1993.^[93]

Coins

Shah Jahan spread striking coins in three metals i.e. gold (mohur), silver (rupee) and copper (dam). His pre-accession coins bear the name Khurram.

• Gold Mohur from Akbarabad (Agra)

• Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna.

• Copper Dam from Daryakot mint

• Silver Rupee from Multan

• Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Shahjahan, high-sounding in Tatta, 1044 AH (1635 AD).

• Silver Rupee coin of Chief Jahan, struck in Patna bundle, 1135 AH, 1635 AD, Regnal Year 8.

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