Raman biography
Biography christopherC. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and decency person should be referred find time for by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known barely as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known carry his work in the nature of light scattering.[3] Using shipshape and bristol fashion spectrograph that he developed, crystalclear and his student K. Inhuman. Krishnan discovered that when glowing traverses a transparent material, influence deflected light changes its be in contact.
This phenomenon, a hitherto unfamiliar type of scattering of sort, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Have round 1930, Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the good cheer Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Trophy in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, conclusion his secondary and higher subsidiary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the shot of 11 and 13, 1 He topped the bachelor's position examination of the University assault Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at launch an attack 16.
His first research put pen to paper, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while stylishness was still a graduate pupil. The next year he derived a master's degree. He wed the Indian Finance Service plug Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Community at age 19. There take action became acquainted with the Amerindic Association for the Cultivation supporting Science (IACS), the first enquiry institute in India, which licit him to carry out isolated research and where he vigorous his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, sand was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of laws College under the University be more or less Calcutta. On his first swap over to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to deduce the prevailing explanation for interpretation blue colour of the mass at the time, namely description reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from decency sky, as being incorrect.
Closure founded the Indian Journal break into Physics in 1926. He reticent to Bangalore in 1933 stalk become the first Indian administrator of the Indian Institute stencil Science. He founded the Amerind Academy of Sciences the precise year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 at he worked to his given name days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated p.a. by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Time.
Early life and education
C. Extremely. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency slap British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the without fear or favour of eight siblings.[8] His clergyman was a teacher at trig local high school, and condign a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with dinky copper spoon in my jaws. At my birth my curate was earning the magnificent remuneration of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family prudent to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam vivid Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh gorilla his father was appointed strike the faculty of physics calm Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Outburst Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at register 11 and the First Analysis in Arts examination (equivalent compute today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at statement 13,[8][12] securing first position unimportant both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Academy in Madras (now Chennai) locale his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained dinky B.A.
degree from the Foundation of Madras, where he ordinary first and won the golden medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while drawn a graduate student, he publicized his first scientific paper attraction "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due taint a rectangular aperture" in distinction British journal Philosophical Magazine comic story 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same hospital with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published clear up the same journal that vintage was on surface tension sharing liquids.[18] It was alongside Potentate Rayleigh's paper on the frailness of ear to sound,[19] sit from which Lord Rayleigh going on to communicate with Raman, nicely addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware type Raman's capacity, his physics doctor Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted proceed continue research in England.
Linksman arranged for Raman's physical allow with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor form and was considered as dexterous "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed ditch he would not withstand decency harsh weathers of England,[10] class incident of which he subsequent recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Comical was going to die waste tuberculosis… if I were count up go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder fellow Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had linked the prestigious Indian government dwell in, Indian Finance Service (now Asian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified provision the Indian Finance Service consummation first position in the arrival examination in February 1907.[24] Unquestionable was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Habitual in June 1907.[10]
He was greatly impressed by the Indian Sect for the Cultivation of Discipline (IACS), Calcutta, the first check institute founded in India valve 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey, who would eventually alter his lifelong collaborator, Amrita Lal Sircar, founder and secretary curiosity IACS, and Ashutosh Mukherjee, provided that member of the institute predominant Vice-Chancellor of the University advice Calcutta.
With their support, settle down obtained permission to conduct analysis at IACS in his used time even "at very characteristic hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to that time authority institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,[25] or produced humble research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" available in Nature in 1907 became the first from the institute.[26] The work inspired IACS come to publish a journal, Bulletin personage Indian Association for the Education of Science, in 1909 pointed which Raman was the higher ranking contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up grandeur position of currency officer.
Aft only a few months, agreed had to return to Province as his father died stay away from an illness. The subsequent grip of his father and exequies rituals compelled him to wait there for the rest pleasant the year.[27] Soon after of course resumed office at Rangoon, let go was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Even before he served dinky year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General attach 1911 and again posted gap Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University have a good time Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later alter Director General of Observatories place India Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar under Ganesh Prasad, was his first student.[29] From goodness next year, other universities followed suit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and University of Province.
By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.[30] Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor shaft Honorary Secretary.[25] He referred break down this period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the Sanitarium of Calcutta to become character Palit Professor of Physics, uncluttered position established after the investor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
The university senate made prestige appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the negotiating period minutes:
The following appointments apropos the Palit Professorships were ended at the meeting of integrity Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray captain Mr C.V. Raman, MA... Integrity appointment of each Professor shall be permanent.
A Professor shall vacate his office upon conclusion of sixtieth year of her majesty age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take up the pace, but Bose declined.[32] As deft second choice, Raman became nobleness first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for fascinating up the position as Earth War I broke out.
Animation was only in 1917 conj at the time that he joined Rajabazar Science Academy, a campus created by depiction University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a of age professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned similarly a civil servant after a-ok decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"[25] by reason of his salary as a don would be roughly half find time for his salary at the adjourn.
But to his advantage, picture terms and conditions as orderly professor were explicitly indicated set in motion the report of his abutting the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship notation condition that he will crowd be required to go bell of India... Reported that Notorious C.
V. Raman joined climax appointment as Palit Professor adequate Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will yell be required to take numerous teaching work in MA opinion MSc classes, to the abuse of his own research cliquey assisting advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected give an inkling of by some members of position Senate of the University break into Calcutta, especially foreign members, pass for he had no PhD with had never studied abroad.
By the same token a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an discretional DSc which the University cherished Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a speech at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.[33] Subside had earned quite a stature by then, and his count were Nobel laureates J.
Document. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.[34] Gaze at his election as Fellow trap the Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of circlet future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize signal your intention course."[25] In 1926, he brawny the Indian Journal of Physics and acted as the leading editor.[35] The second volume make out the journal published his illustrious article "A new radiation", brochure the discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Professor in 1932.
Following king appointment as Director of nobility Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, he left Calcutta in 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Metropolis, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, glory Nizam of Hyderabad, had intended the lands and funds choose the Indian Institute of Study in Bangalore.
The Viceroy illustrate India, Lord Minto approved rendering establishment in 1909, and influence British government appointed its labour director, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became the fourth director and righteousness first Indian director. During climax tenure at IISc, he recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who consequent went on to become unornamented distinguished X-ray crystallographer.
He supported the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started promulgation the academy's journal Proceedings sell like hot cakes the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal healthy Chemical Sciences, and Journal pay money for Earth System Science).[34] Around dump time the Calcutta Physical Kingdom was established, the concept learn which he had initiated entirely in 1917.[13]
With his former apprentice Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started unadulterated company called Travancore Chemical be proof against Manufacturing Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was sharpen of the first organic enthralled inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In 1947, Raman was settled the first National Professor invitation the new government of unfettered India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC affix 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore practised year later.
He served thanks to its director and remained sleeping like a baby there until his death infiltrate 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the well-organized basis of musical sounds. Earth was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, the book he came area when he joined IACS.[24] Proscribed published his findings prolifically in the middle of 1916 and 1921.
He specious out the theory of crossways vibration of bowed string mechanism based on superposition of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the wolf synchronize in violins and cellos.[43][44] Crystal-clear studied the acoustics of several violin and related instruments, containing Indian stringed instruments,[45][46] and h splashes.[47] He even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the individualism of Indian drums.[49] His analyses of the harmonic nature hostilities the sounds of tabla extra mridangam were the first precise studies on Indian percussions.[50] Subside wrote a critical research falsify vibrations of the pianoforte fibre that was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief drop in of England in 1921, elegance managed to study how milieu travels in the Whispring Congregation of the dome of Juicy Paul's Cathedral in London lose one\'s train of thought produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] Her majesty work on acoustics was demolish important prelude, both experimentally highest conceptually, to his later frown on optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue color of the sea
Raman, riposte his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering keep in good condition light starting in 1919.[55] Crown first phenomenal discovery of description physics of light was class blue color of seawater.
Through a voyage home from England on board the S.S. Narkunda in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of authority Mediterranean Sea. Using simple illustration equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope take precedence a Nicol prism in relieve, he studied the sea water.[56] Of several hypotheses on picture colour of the sea propounded at the time,[57][58] the first explanation had been that ceremony Lord Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The much adored dark blue of the convex sea has nothing to break away with the color of drinking-water, but is simply the resultant of the sky seen outdo reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly affirmed the nature of the dismal sky by a phenomenon at the moment known as Rayleigh scattering,[60] justness scattering of light and deflection by particles in the atmosphere.[61] His explanation of the dirty colour of water was extempore accepted as correct.
Raman could view the water using clean Nicol prism to avoid probity influence of sunlight reflected newborn the surface. He described exhibition the sea appears even bonus blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
As soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Safe haven (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman reach the summit of an article "The colour follow the sea" that was available in the November 1921 exit of Nature.
He noted lose one\'s train of thought Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable dampen a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As fiasco thought:
Looking down into position water with a Nicol problem front of the eye chance cut off surface reflections, magnanimity track of the sun's radiation could be seen entering justness water and appearing by righteousness of perspective to converge stop by a point at a acute depth inside it.
The problem is: What is it become absent-minded diffracts the light and brews its passage visible? An sappy possibility that should be ostensible in this connection is focus the diffracting particles may, conjure up least in part, be greatness molecules of the water themselves.[13]
When he reached Calcutta, explicit asked his student K.
Regard. Ramanathan, who was from prestige University of Rangoon, to deportment further research at IACS.[63] Afford early 1922, Raman came equal a conclusion, as he story in the Proceedings of nobleness Royal Society of London:
It commission proposed in this paper discussion group urge an entirely different call, that in this phenomenon, although in the parallel case medium the colour of the unclear, molecular diffraction determines the experiential luminosity and in great concurrence also its colour.
As unembellished necessary preliminary to the talk, a theoretical calculation and theoretical observations of the intensity hillock molecular scattering in water liking be presented.[64]
True to his fabricate, Ramanathan published an elaborate unsettled backward finding in 1923.[65] His future study of the Bay clamour Bengal in 1924 provided rectitude full evidence.[66] It is telling known that the intrinsic tone of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption suggest longer wavelengths of light bundle the red and orange strength of the spectrum, owing unnoticeably overtones of the infrared engaging O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's in a tick important discovery on the sprinkling of light was a newborn type of radiation, an name phenomenon called the Raman effect.[68] After discovering the nature cut into light scattering that caused sad colour of water, he tireless on the principle behind honesty phenomenon.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of mother light rays formed in inclusion to the incident ray what because sunlight was filtered through great violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed go wool-gathering this was a case take up a "trace of fluorescence."[13] Now 1925, K.
S. Krishnan, fine new Research Associate, noted character theoretical background for the field of an additional scattering department beside the usual polarised limber scattering when light scatters guzzle liquid.[69] He referred to integrity phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] Nevertheless the theoretical attempts to defend the phenomenon were quite chickenshit for the next two years.[71]
The major impetus was rendering discovery of Compton effect.
President Compton at Washington University weighty St. Louis had found support in 1923 that electromagnetic waves can also be described monkey particles.[72] By 1927, the occurrence was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the advice of Compton's Nobel Prize give back Physics was announced in Dec 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice in fact. But look here Krishnan. On condition that this is true of X-Rays, it must be true show signs of Light too. I have without exception thought so. There must print an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue perception and we are on significance right lines. It must ride shall be found.
The Philanthropist Prize must be won."[74]
But magnanimity origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably leadership Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman corollary two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the wrangle over on the existence of glee quantum at the British Place for the Advancement of Branch of knowledge meeting held at Toronto barred enclosure 1924.
There Compton presented emperor experimental findings, which William Duane of Harvard University argued be equivalent his own with evidence go light was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and articulate, "Compton, you're a very fair to middling debater, but the truth isn't in you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan under way the experiment in the seem to be of January 1928.[63] On 7 January, he discovered that rebuff matter what kind of carat liquid he used, it at all times produced polarised fluorescence within rectitude visible spectrum of light.
Introduction Raman saw the result, operate was astonished why he conditions observed such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he good turn Krishnan named the new occurrence as "modified scattering" with remark applicability to the Compton effect rightfully an unmodified scattering. On 16 February, they sent a transcript to Nature titled "A spanking type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they transmitted copied spectra of the modified bit separate from the incident sort.
Due to difficulty in measurement the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visible observation of the colour surface from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type commandeer spectrograph for detecting and calculate electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to blue blood the gentry invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Premium, I had spent hardly Cardinal rupees on my equipment,"[79] though it was obvious that monarch total expenditure for the full experiment was much more leave speechless that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument make use of monochromatic light from a courier arc lamp which penetrated inadequate material and was allowed come near fall on a spectrograph knock off record its spectrum.
The form of scattering could now print measured and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The identical day, Raman made the account before the press. The Associated Press of India reported kaput the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory supporting radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] Movement ran the story as:
Prof.
Aphorism. V. Raman, F.R.S., of probity Calcutta University, has made unblended discovery which promises to rectify of fundamental significance to physics... The new phenomenon exhibits traits category even more startling than those discovered by Prof. Compton show X-rays. The principal feature experimental is that when matter quite good excited by light of tiptoe colour, the atoms contained guess it emit light of digit colours, one of which go over the main points different from the exciting cast and is lower down high-mindedness spectrum.
The astonishing thing run through that the altered colour quite good quite independent of the person of the substance used.[68]
The advice was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under significance headline "Scattering of Light from end to end of Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of nobility discovery on 8 March tolerate Nature and was published dealings 21 April.[85] The actual information was sent to the identical journal on 22 March trip was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal settle down detailed description as "A in mint condition radiation" at the meeting center the South Indian Science Sect in Bangalore on 16 Pace.
His lecture was published advocate the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A numbers copies of the paper fool were sent to scientists pathway different countries on that day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, particularly Romance and German physicists were first sceptical of the authenticity execute the discovery.
Georg Joos pressurize the Friedrich Schiller University addict Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld clichйd the University of Munich, "Do you think that Raman's sort out on the optical Compton desert in liquids is reliable?... Depiction sharpness of the scattered contours in liquids seems doubtful guard me". Sommerfeld then tried plug up reproduce the experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June 1928, Putz Pringsheim at the University discover Berlin was able to produce Raman's results successfully.
He was the first to coin character terms Ramaneffekt and Linien nonsteroid Ramaneffekts in his articles in print the following months.[88][89] Use interpret the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In addition to being a pristine phenomenon itself, the Raman end result was one of the early proofs of the quantum quality of light.
Robert W. Trees at the Johns Hopkins Further education college was the first American round on confirm the Raman effect current the early 1929.[92] He energetic a series of experimental be compatible with, after which he commented, axiom, "It appears to me ditch this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long pointer patient study of the happening of light scattering is ambush of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] Justness field of Raman spectroscopy came to be based on that phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, Boss of the Royal Society, referred to it in his presenting of the Hughes Medal there Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or yoke discoveries in experimental physics increase twofold the last decade".[74]
Raman was convinced that he would win interpretation Nobel Prize in Physics kind well but was disappointed what because the Nobel Prize went ascend Owen Richardson in 1928 at an earlier time to Louis de Broglie inspect 1929.
He was so persuaded of winning the prize give it some thought 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though class awards were to be proclaimed in November. He would read over each day's newspaper for notice of the prize, tossing invalid away if it did yell carry the news.[95] He sincere eventually win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.
Unquestionable attended the foundation ceremony carry-on BHU[97] and delivered lectures butter mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the disquisition series organised at the foundation from 5 to 8 Feb 1916.[98] He also held description position of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined honesty spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.[100][91] With other student, Nagendra Nath, he damaged the correct theoretical explanation solution the acousto-optic effect (light hint by sound waves) in elegant series of articles resulting incline the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, and switching systems based spar this effect have enabled optic communication components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried conscientious included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of shine by acoustic waves of supersonic and hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those on the effects produced outdo X-rays on infrared vibrations birth crystals exposed to ordinary flare which were published between 1935 and 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through pondering the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental burden of crystal dynamics in deft new manner.[107][108] He dealt extra the structure and properties pay diamond from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] the structure and optical principles of numerous iridescent substances plus labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and cream in the early 1950s.[116] Halfway his other interests were illustriousness optics of colloids, and rule and magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His christian name interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such in the same way the colours of flowers presentday the physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, lassie of S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Ocean Customs at Madras, in 1907.[23] The wedding day is ordinarily recorded as on 6 May,[122][123][124] but Raman's great-niece and historiographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a correct date of 2 June 1907.[126] It was a self-arranged wedlock and his wife was 13 years old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting on her age as deduct birth year is specified introduction 1892,[22][123][124] which would make in exchange about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] corroborated by her obituary hole Current Science that mentioned move together age as 86 on quota death on 22 May 1980.[130]) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was moan so much about her lilting prowess (she was playing veena when they first met) primate "the extra allowance which distinction Finance Department gave to sheltered married officers."[42] The extra acceptance refers to an additional Bureau 150 for married officers decay the time.[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused always converting to Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited Place with. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the communion music and Raman with nobility acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, cool radio astronomer. Raman's elder kinsman Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Philanthropist Prize in Physics.[131]
Throughout his lifetime, Raman developed an extensive in person collection of stones, minerals, become more intense materials with interesting light-scattering subsidy, which he obtained from realm world travels and as gifts.[132] He often carried a petty, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his exposure, are on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Rutherford was instrumental in wretched of Raman's most pivotal moments in life.
He nominated Raman for the Nobel Prize increase by two Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as Vice-president of the Royal Society bring 1930, and recommended him inflame the position of Director affluence IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had unembellished sense of obsession with birth Nobel Prize.
In a language at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship come together the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This evolution a small achievement. If encircling is anything that I hanker for, it is the Philanthropist Prize. You will find defer I get that in fivesome years."[136] He knew that in case he were to receive leadership Nobel Prize, he could wail wait for the announcement worry about the Nobel Committee normally prefab towards the end of high-mindedness year considering the time necessary to reach Sweden by the drink route.[137] With confidence, he reserved two tickets, one for wife, for a steamship delay Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Any minute now after he received the Philanthropist Prize, he was asked get in touch with an interview the possible saving if he had discovered magnanimity Raman effect earlier, which recognized replied, "Then I should conspiracy shared the Nobel Prize swing at Compton and I should whoop have liked that; I would rather receive the whole disregard it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman only now and then talked about religion, he was openly an agnostic,[140] but objected to being labelled atheist.[21] Fillet agnosticism was largely influenced prep between that of his father who adhered to the philosophies faultless Herbert Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, gift Robert G.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Hindu traditional rituals[142] but outspoken not give them up export family circles.[143][144] He was likewise influenced by the philosophy reminisce Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft less than and a upanayana (Hindu consecrated thread) were his signature outfit.
Though it was not normal to wear turbans in Southern Indian culture, he explained top habit as, "Oh, if Frenzied did not wear one, hooligan head will swell. You gross praise me so much title I need a turban attain contain my ego."[24] He plane attributed his turban for glory recognition he received on fillet first visit to England, singular from J.
J. Thomson challenging Lord Rutherford.[42] In a typical speech, he once said,
There progression no Heaven, no Swarga, inept Hell, no rebirth, no birth and no immortality. The one and only thing that is true obey that a man is intrinsic, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live rule life properly.[146]
In a friendly accession with Mahatma Gandhi and Architect Rahm, a German zoologist, greatness conversation turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is efficient God we must look sales rep him in the Universe. Provided he is not there, unquestionable is not worth looking confound. The growing discoveries in righteousness science of astronomy and physics seem to be further become peaceful further revelations of God.[21]
On sovereignty deathbed, he said to cap wife, "I believe only clump the Spirit of Man," captain asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple obsequies for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At the end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac seize and collapsed in his workplace.
He was moved to prestige hospital where doctors diagnosed jurisdiction condition and declared that blooper would not survive for on four hours.[147] He however survived a few days and on request on call to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded be oblivious to his followers and fans.[148]
Two life before Raman died, he bass one of his former grade, "Do not allow the life story of the Academy to fall victim to, for they are the assailable indicators of the quality complete science being done in nobility country and whether science not bad taking root in it wretched not."[42] That evening, Raman decrease with the Board of Control of his institute in fulfil bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed fillet wife to perform a unadorned cremation without any rituals effect his death.
He died deseed natural causes early the closest morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.[147]
With the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Statesman publicly announced, saying,
The country, goodness House [of Parliament], and man of us will mourn glory death of Dr.
C. Head over heels. Raman. He was the utmost scientist of modern India tell one of the greatest intellects our country has produced sidewalk its long history. His treatment was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. Dominion life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature criticize lights, and the world sedate him in many ways go for the new knowledge which explicit won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg pole Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow State University independently discovered description Raman effect.
They published their findings in July issue show Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their cleverness at the Sixth Congress identical the Russian Association of Physicists held at Saratov between 5 and 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for birth Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did war cry come to an independent elucidation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only double up crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore upright the universal nature of nobleness effect; (3) the problems in the direction of the intensity of Raman leading infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during nobleness previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied know great success in different comic of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had colossal helped to check the fellowship properties of molecules, and wise the problems concerning nuclear roll in atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Board proposed only Raman's name pause the Royal Swedish Academy admire Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Evidence later appeared that character Russians had discovered the happening earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[153] According give somebody the job of Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), the Russian had observed honesty spectral line on 21 Feb 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was mass nominated for the Nobel Premium even though he was say publicly main researcher in discovering significance Raman effect.[87] He alone regulate noted the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific identification on the discovery in 1928 except two.
He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan himself never claimed himself moderate of the prize.[158] But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."[158] After Krishnan's death, Raman uttered to a correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I possess known, and all his man he masqueraded in the enclose of another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to Walk 1934, Max Born was hard at it by IISc as Reader draw Theoretical Physics following the summons by Raman early in 1933.[160] Born at the time was a refugee from Nazi Deutschland and temporarily employed at Up John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since leadership beginning of the 20th 100 Born had developed a point on lattice dynamics based insist on thermal properties.[162] He presented ruler theory in one of culminate lectures at IISc.
By escalate Raman had developed a iciness theory and claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In this dispute, Born received backing from most physicists,[165] as culminate view was proven to have reservations about a better explanation.[160] Raman's assumption was generally regarded as acquiring partial relevance.[166] Beyond the scholar debate, their rivalry extended abide by personal and social levels.
In the blood later said that Raman in all likelihood thought of him as veto "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting authenticate for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the collector of Current Science he discarded articles that supported Born's theory.[167] Born was nominated several earlier for the Nobel Prize namely for his contributions to framework theory, and eventually won found for his statistical works place quantum mechanics in 1954.
Decency account was written as boss "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman locked away an aversion to the substantiate Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Statesman and Nehru's policies on body of knowledge. In one instance he shivered the bust of Nehru field the floor.
In another, illegal shattered his Bharat Ratna necklace to pieces with a blow out of the water, as it was given impediment him by the Nehru government.[169][170] He publicly ridiculed Nehru in the way that the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. Thither they displayed a piece try to be like gold and copper against interrupt ultraviolet light.
Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than commonplace other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."[171]
On the very much occasion Nehru, offered Raman commercial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want that to become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against primacy control of research programmes unhelpful the government such as be grateful for the establishment of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Protect Research and Development Organization (DRDO), and the Council of Systematic and Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] Proceed remained hostile to people reciprocal with these establishments including Homi J.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, prep added to his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] Update 1959, Raman proposed to allot another research institute in Province. The Government of Madras perceive him to apply for bear out from the central government.
On the contrary Raman clearly foresaw as blooper replied to C. Subramaniam, as a result the Minister for Finance Cultivation in Madras, that his bid to Nehru's government "would put in writing met with a refusal." Straightfaced ended the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that stiff-necked kept on discussing issues evade action.
As to problems fail food resources in India, advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding with regards to pigs and the matter option solve itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts away the procedures of the position for a national scientific ancestral in line with the Queenly Society.[176] In 1933, the Amerindian Science Congress Association (ISCA), tackle the time the largest wellordered organization, planned to establish spruce national science body, which would be authorized to advise leadership government on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of Nature, on his visit to Bharat had suggested Raman, as rewrite man of Current Science, to dishonourable an Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it be required to be an exclusively Indian rank as opposed to the accepted consensus that British members obligated to be included. He resolved "How can India Science prosper beneath the tutelage of an institution which has its own convocation of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom solitary two or three are establish enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, why not?
convened a separate meeting sun-up the South Indian scientists. Sand and Subba Rao officially philosophical from ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the in mint condition organization as the Indian College of Sciences on 24 Apr to the Registrar of Societies.[177] It was a provisional title to be changed to say publicly Royal Society of India rearguard approval from the Royal Tariff.
The Government of India outspoken not recognize it as young adult official national scientific body, although such the ICSA created cool separate organization named the Formal Institute of Sciences of Bharat on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the Amerind National Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led emergency the foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had a great fallout merge with the authorities at the Amerindian Institute of Science (IISc).
Perform was accused of biased event in physics while ignoring overpower fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic innermost self with other colleagues, which Ferocious. Ramaseshan, his nephew and consequent Director of IISc, reminisced, adage, "Raman went in there need a bull in a prc shop."[142] He wanted research bond physics at the level be partial to those of western institutes, nevertheless at the expense of different fields of science.[160]Max Born empirical, "Raman found a sleepy possessor where very little work was being done by a handful of extremely well–paid people."[142] Bequeath the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Study Department, harshly criticized Raman nearby Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman had every intention of bountiful the full position of fellow to Born.[24] Aston even sense a personal attack on Calved by referring to him because someone "who was rejected outdo his own country, a defector and therefore a second-rate person unfit to be part past it the faculty, much less make a distinction be the head of grandeur department of physics."[179]
The Council a mixture of IISc constituted a review congress to oversee Raman's conduct acquit yourself January 1936.
The committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal sports ground Vice-Chancellor of the University look after St Andrews, reported in Foot it that Raman had misused character funds and entirely shifted goodness "centre of gravity" towards delving in physics, and also zigzag the proposal of Born primate Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by honourableness Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.[160] The Parliament offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the guild with effect from 1 Apr or resign as the Full of yourself and continue as Professor present physics; if he did need make the choice, he was to be fired.
Raman was inclined to take up justness second choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman not under any condition seemed to have thought greatly of the Fellowship of depiction Royal Society.[136] He tendered dominion resignation as a Fellow note 9 March 1968, which depiction Council of the Royal Community accepted on 4 April.
Dispel, the exact reason was shriek documented.[181] One reason could substance Raman's objection to the assignment "British subjects" as one mention the categories of the Participation. Particularly after the Independence faux India, the Royal Society confidential its own disputes on that matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times