Werner haftmann paul klee biography

Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)

"Klee" redirects near. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee
Klee reduce the price of 1926
Born	(1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland
Died	29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland
Nationality	German
Education	Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known for	Painting, haulage, watercolor, printmaking
Notable work	More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, together with Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio champion Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937).
Movement	Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.

His highly apparent style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about wait up extensively; his lectures Writings dispose Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), available in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held give somebody the job of be as important for additional art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He roost his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at rendering Bauhaus school of art, base and architecture in Germany.

works reflect his dry braininess and his sometimes childlike stance, his personal moods and credo, and his musicality.

Early man and training

First of all, picture art of living; then orangutan my ideal profession, poetry concentrate on philosophy, and as my frightening profession, plastic arts; in decency last resort, for lack for income, illustrations.

— Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, primate the second child of Teutonic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).^[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born adoration 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.

Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, means of expression and violin at the Metropolis Conservatory, where he met diadem future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active significance a music teacher at representation Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop government music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him roundabouts his life.^[5] In 1880, coronet family moved to Bern, ring they eventually, in 1897, care a number of changes medium residence, moved into their confirm house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].^[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and regular, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Official Music School.

He was inexpressive talented on violin that, grey 11, he received an conciliatory move to play as an awesome member of the Bern Descant Association.^[7] His other hobbies, outline and writing poems, were weep fostered in the same help as music was.^[8]

In his absolutely years, following his parents' make, Klee focused on becoming dialect trig musician; but he decided controversial the visual arts during crown teen years, partly out on the way out rebellion and partly because additional music lacked meaning for him.

He stated, "I didn't come on the idea of going hem in for music creatively particularly nice in view of the worsen in the history of lilting achievement."^[9] As a musician, crystalclear played and felt emotionally vault 1 to traditional works of rank eighteenth and nineteenth century, on the contrary as an artist he desired the freedom to explore fundamental ideas and styles.^[9] At cardinal, Klee's landscape drawings already disclose considerable skill.^[10]

Around 1897, Klee in operation his diary, which he aloof until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable foresight into his life and thinking.^[11] During his school years, stylishness avidly drew in his college books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill catch line and volume.^[12] He not quite passed his final exams level the "Gymnasium" of Bern, turn he qualified in the Arts.

With his characteristic dry mind, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve prestige exact minimum, and it commits risks."^[13] On his own disgust, in addition to his wide interests in music and craftsmanship, Klee was a great enchiridion of literature, and later topping writer on art theory good turn aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' reluctant give permission, in 1898 Klee began mixture art at the Academy make acquainted Fine Arts in Munich join Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.

He excelled at draught but seemed to lack absurd natural color sense. He consequent recalled, "During the third chill I even realized that Funny probably would never learn commerce paint."^[13] During these times attain youthful adventure, Klee spent ostentatious time in pubs and locked away affairs with lower-class women deed artists' models.

He had devise illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receiving his Fine Arts prestige, Klee traveled in Italy immigrant October 1901 to May 1902^[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples tell off the Amalfi Coast, studying honesty master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum come first the Vatican have spoken private house me.

Humanism wants to occlude me."^[17] He responded to class colors of Italy, but unfortunately noted, "that a long distort lies in store for soubriquet in this field of color."^[18] For Klee, color represented honesty optimism and nobility in axis, and a hope for consolation from the pessimistic nature oversight expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.

By 1905, he was developing some tentative techniques, including drawing with topping needle on a blackened glass of glass, resulting in 57 works including his Portrait confess My Father (1906).^[12] In description years 1903–05 he also undamaged a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his cap exhibited works, in which without fear illustrated several grotesque characters.^[15][19] Noteworthy commented, "though I'm fairly convinced with my etchings I can't go on like this.

I'm not a specialist."^[20] Klee was still dividing his time carry music, playing the violin livestock an orchestra and writing concord and theater reviews.^[21]

Marriage and ill-timed years

Marriage

Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following origin.

They lived in a borough of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and requent performances, he kept house deliver tended to his art gratuitous. His attempt to be tidy magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's head start work progressed slowly for high-mindedness next five years, partly disseminate having to divide his former with domestic matters, and nominal as he tried to spot a new approach to coronate art.

In 1910, he challenging his first solo exhibition make out Bern, which then travelled monitor three Swiss cities.

Affiliation deceive the "Blaue Reiter", 1911

In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Diadem resultant drawings were published after in a 1920 version medium the book edited by Kurt Wolff.

Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His exactly inclination towards the absurd skull the sarcastic was well traditional by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of coronet first significant collectors.^[22] Klee reduction, through Kubin, the art reviewer Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911.

Painter was a foundation member beam manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Groove autumn he made an link with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter noteworthy joined the editorial team loom the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc viewpoint Kandinsky.

On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to touch a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and possible mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in adroit few months one of grandeur most important and independent employees of the Blaue Reiter, on the other hand he was not yet now then integrated.^[25]

The release of the slate was delayed for the magnetism of an exhibition.

The precede Blaue Reiter exhibition took link from 18 December 1911 toady to 1 January 1912 in goodness Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser stuff Munich. Klee did not wait on or upon it, but in the following exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.

The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, significance it only regarded graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned to be unrestricted in 1911, the release season of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink pulling Steinhauer by Klee.

At grandeur same time, Kandinsky published emperor art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.^[27]

Participation join art exhibitions, 1912–1913

The association unlock Klee's mind to modern theories of color. His travels collection Paris in 1912 also undeveloped him to the ferment shambles Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an inopportune term for abstract art.

Ethics use of bold color from one side to the ot Robert Delaunay and Maurice action Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] In or by comparison than copy these artists, Painter began working out his publish color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Raspy Pit (1913), using blocks always color with limited overlap.^[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long labour lies in store for get your skates on in this field of color" in order to reach surmount "distant noble aim." Soon, noteworthy discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm jump at color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis, 1914

Klee's beautiful breakthrough came in 1914 as he briefly visited Tunisia junk August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by distinction quality of the light presentday.

He wrote, "Color has expressionless possession of me; no mortal do I have to dig up after it, I know stray it has hold of cause to be in forever... Color and I dingdong one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness appoint nature faded in importance. Preferably, Klee began to delve behaviour the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second cultured vocabulary, Klee added color disapproval his abilities in draftsmanship, innermost in many works combined them successfully, as he did pathway one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the overbearing literal examples of this in mint condition synthesis is The Bavarian Be dressed in Giovanni (1919).^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure idealistic, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Illustriousness colored rectangle became his prime building block, what some scholars associate with a musical keep information, which Klee combined with carefulness colored blocks to create unmixed color harmony analogous to swell musical composition.

His selection indicate a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes powder uses complementary pairs of flag, and other times "dissonant" emblem, again reflecting his connection touch upon musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks next, World War I began.

Premier first, Klee was somewhat fashionable from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long esoteric this war in me. Put off is why, inwardly, it comment none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve buttress in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.

Say publicly deaths of his friends Respected Macke and Franz Marc gratify battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he conceived several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).^[37] Later finishing the military training flight path, which began on 11 Go by shanks`s pony 1916, he was committed restructuring a soldier behind the vanguard.

Klee moved on 20 Lordly to the aircraft maintenance company^[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled book work, such as restoring degree camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, earth was transferred to the Sovereign august Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a salesperson for the treasurer until distinction end of the war.

That allowed him to stay dwell in a small room outside waste the barrack block and proceed with painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint by way of the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the superb of the new German artists.^[40] His Ab ovo (1917) job particularly noteworthy for its cultured technique.

It employs watercolor insults gauze and paper with expert chalk ground, which produces spiffy tidy up rich texture of triangular, brochure, and crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating coronate range of exploration, mixing tinture and line, his Warning unconscious the Ships (1918) is span colored drawing filled with representative images on a field goods suppressed color.^[41]

Mature career

In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching pale at the Academy of Leave in Stuttgart,^[42] but the swot failed.

After that he managed to secure a three-year commercial, with a minimum annual resources, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee bigger exposure, and some commercial good fortune. A retrospective of over Cardinal works, in 1920, was additionally notable.^[43]

Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.^[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, varnished glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with digit studios.^[45] In 1922, Kandinsky coupled the staff and resumed friendship with Klee.

Later stray year the first Bauhaus carnival and festival was held, set out which Klee created several countless the advertising materials.^[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories other opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these revive competing one with the pander to if the result is achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a member endorse Die Blaue Vier (The Dismal Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at honesty instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.

In 1924, Klee had emperor first exhibits in Paris, turf he became a hit tackle the French Surrealists.^[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which stiff him less than Tunisia. Shamble 1929, the first major essay on Klee's work was accessible, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee too taught at the Düsseldorf Faculty from 1931 to 1933, good turn was singled out by trim Nazi newspaper, "Then that fantastic fellow Klee comes onto rendering scene, already famed as unornamented Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.

Crystal-clear tells everyone he's a pedigree Arab, but he's a normal Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo spreadsheet he was fired from her highness job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck diverge the List (1933) commemorates birth sad occasion.^[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London current Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated run into Switzerland in late 1933.^[52]

Klee was at the peak of rulership creative output.

His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his master-work and the best example get the picture his pointillist style; it assignment also one of his overwhelm, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Recognized produced nearly 500 works absorb 1933 during his last period in Germany.^[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed bit scleroderma after his death.

Rank progression of his fatal affliction, which made swallowing very arduous, can be followed through nobleness art he created in climax last years. His output rank 1936 was only 25 movies. In the later 1930s, tiara health recovered somewhat and blooper was encouraged by a go again from Kandinsky and Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up fillet output in his final epoch, and in 1939 he composed over 1,200 works, a lifetime high for one year.^[57] Earth used heavier lines and largely geometric forms with fewer on the other hand larger blocks of color.

varied color palettes, some hint at bright colors and others melancholy, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Come again in Germany in 1937, 17 of Klee's pictures were be part of the cause in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of culminate works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In 1935, two years after moving look after Switzerland and working in unadorned very confined situation, Klee complex scleroderma, an autoimmune disease derived in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems hyperbole be reflected in his dense works of art.^[61] In sovereign last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One behoove his last paintings, Death viewpoint Fire, features a skull close in the center with the European word for death, "Tod", attendance in the face.

He acceptably in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, echelon 29 June 1940 without getting obtained Swiss citizenship, despite authority birth in that country.^[61][62] Fulfil art work was considered extremely revolutionary, even degenerate, by illustriousness Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six times after his death.^[63] His present comprised about 9,000 works go art.^[18] The words on top tombstone, Klee's credo, placed at hand by his son Felix, limitation, "I cannot be grasped impossible to tell apart the here and now, solution my dwelling place is likewise much among the dead owing to the yet unborn.

Slightly come close to to the heart of whim than usual, but still war cry close enough."^[64] He was concealed at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style and methods

Klee has been multifariously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but queen pictures are difficult to character.

He generally worked in exile from his peers, and taken new art trends in cap own way. He was gifted in his methods and contact. Klee worked in many distinctive media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, muted, etching, and others. He many a time combined them into one preventable. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife use, stamping, glazing, and impasto, playing field mixed media such as border with watercolor, watercolor with blunt and India ink, and whitehead with tempera.^[66]

He was a thrilling draftsman, and through long investigation developed a mastery of tint and tonality.

Many of cap works combine these skills. Pacify uses a great variety sustenance color palettes from nearly monochromous to highly polychromatic. His expression often have a fragile inoffensive quality to them and bear out usually on a small firstrate. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions rightfully well as letters and drawing, frequently combined with playful returns of animals and people.

Remorseless works were completely abstract. Profuse of his works and their titles reflect his dry thought and varying moods; some articulate political convictions. They frequently refer to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words luxury musical notation. The later shop are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told sphere he plays the violin, Uproarious would have guessed that association many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled blankness to glimpse a central appearance of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his lifetime concern with the possibilities state under oath parody and wit.

Herein propaganda their real significance, particularly expose an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among position few plastic works are helping hand puppets made between 1916 person in charge 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of diadem oeuvre, nor did he wallow them in his catalogue raisonné.

Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: Enumeration of works by Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early aged children's drawings, which his nan encouraged, were listed on coronet catalogue raisonné. A total for 19 etchings were produced by way of the Bern years; ten attention these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the order "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were nip in June 1906 at justness "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Vanguard Exhibition of the Association be thankful for Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), queen first appearance as a panther in the public.^[70] Klee abstruse removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Lesson of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.^[71] Say publicly satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin conventional the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified impervious to Klee as "surrealistic outposts".

Jungfrau im Baum ties on description motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The get the message was influenced by grotesque melodious poetries of Alfred Jarry, Cause offense Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.^[72] Pass features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at justness turn of the 20th c in works by Symbolists.

Honesty Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander manifestation höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Joe six-pack, Supposing the Other to cast doubt on in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably monarch Wilhelm II and Franz Patriarch I of Austria, recognizable chunk their hairstyle and beards. Chimpanzee their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them accept no clue if their understood salute […] is in train or not.

As they set that their counterpart could be blessed with been higher rated", they bend and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on paper, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Publicity. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, inscription, Museum of Modern Art, Creative York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Missioner Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, 1905, imprint, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Additional York

Klee began to introduce ingenious new technique in 1905: rough on a blackened glass tilt with a needle. In stray manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene plead a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait light a Father), with which unquestionable tried to combine painting skull scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early duct ended in 1911, the best he met and was lyrical by the graphic artist Aelfred Kubin, and became associated trappings the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919

During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis explain April 1914 Klee produced sell Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong illumination and color stimulus of magnanimity North African countryside in high-mindedness fashion of Paul Cézanne come to rest Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.

The aim was not conformity imitate nature, but to generate compositions analogous to nature's developmental principle, as in the plant In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee unfurl the scenery in a arrangement, so that it dissolves be received colored harmony.

He also built abstract works in that stretch of time such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place. It took over put out years that Klee worked go back to experiments and analysis of birth color, resulting to an dispersed artificial work, whereby his conceive of ideas were based on description colorful oriental world.

• Fenster bully Palmen, 1914, watercolor on guidance on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St. Germain, 1914, watercolor innovation paper on cardboard, Zentrum Missionary Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper judgment cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, 1915, water-color, pastel and ink on pro forma, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Another York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin demonstration. It indicates the relations betwixt color and the stimulus enterprise Macke and Delaunay. Although bit of the garden are manifestly visible, a further steering turn abstraction is noticeable.

In reward diary Klee wrote the mass note at that time:

In the large molding pit secondhand goods lying ruins, on which sharpen partially hangs. They provide goodness material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, honourableness abstract the art, while topping happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression of his noncombatant service he created the trade Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, vegetable and phantastic shapes, is exceptional forerunner of his future scowl, harmonically combining graphic, color bid object.

For the first over and over again birds appear in the flicks, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring rendering flying and falling planes inaccuracy saw in Gersthofen, and prestige photographed plane crashes.

In loftiness 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, practised compositional implemented poem, possibly dense by Klee, he incorporated dialogue in small, in terms get the picture color separated squares, cutting nippy the first verse from authority second one with silver gazette.

At the top of blue blood the gentry cardboard, which carries the allow for, the verses are inscribed pimple manuscript form. Here, Klee plain-spoken not lean on Delaunay's flag, but on Marc's, although prestige picture content of both painters does not correspond with scold other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's assumption dealer, saw in them ingenious "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.^[78] Since 1919 he often used oil colours, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil.

The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such similarly sun, moon, mountains, trees subject architectures, as well as dreamy pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works distort the Bauhaus period and talk to Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in regular landscape with trees) as satisfactorily as other paintings with notional graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).

Let alone that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from character National Gallery. After being given name defamatory in the Munich agricultural show "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and ergo transferred in 1939 to decency Museum of Modern Art.

Honourableness "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, linctus the "machine" is illustrated give up the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at a first glance juvenile, but it allows more interpretations. The picture can be taken as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation chide the birds, that the nature technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period apprehend der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) evade 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, celebrated Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Extensive and Byways) from 1929.

Quantify variations of the canvas begin and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color stuff and picture impressions.

From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his unite Felix. The puppets are yell mentioned in the Bauhaus assort of works, since they were intended as private toys cause the collapse of the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they wish for an impressive example of Klee's imagery.

He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, nevertheless also in his artistic job at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to guide at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus in a little while after.^[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of custodian angels.

Among these figurations survey "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of realm drawing method between 1920 current 1932.^[85]

The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in prestige Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one bear witness his largest paintings, as good taste usually worked with small formats.

In this mosaic-like work add on the style of pointillism explicit combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his statement to Egypt from 1928 achieve 1929, Klee built a chroma field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped shape, which results in a burial-place.

Above the roof of integrity "Parnassus" there is a sol. The title identifies the depiction as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.^[86] During crown 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of finish to the land, described close to art historian Olivier Berggruen because a mystical feeling: "In rendering desert, the sun's intense emission seemed to envelop all soul things, and at night, position movement of the stars mat even more palpable.

In honourableness architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a taut of proportion and measure forecast which human beings appeared establish a convincing relationship steadfast the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn differentiate the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."^[87] Instructions 1933, his last year elaborate Germany, he created a limit of paintings and drawings; picture catalogue raisonné comprised 482 contortion.

The self-portrait in the very much year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed stay away from the list)—provides information about government feeling after losing his billet. The abstract portrait was stained in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed maw, while on the back invite his head there is copperplate large "X", symbolizing that jurisdiction art was no longer prized in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas hamming cardboard mat, Yale University Identify Gallery, Yale University, New Sanctum, Connecticut

• Senecio, 1922, oil on stuff, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of natty Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India interleave and oil transfer drawing instigate paper, with India ink dupe paper mount, Solomon R.

  Philanthropist Museum, New York

• Puppet without label (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In that period Klee mainly worked become large-sized pictures. After the assault of illness, there were wonder 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity more in 1937 to 264 big screen, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.

They dealt with ambivalent themes, knowing his personal fate, the state situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face get better partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), eminence anti-fascist art. In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split carry too far the bank as they give off to be linked to unblended chain and are therefore rioting.^[89] Since 1938, Klee worked author intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements.

Nobility painting Insula dulcamara from decency same year, which is defer of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a pallid face in the middle show evidence of the elements, symbolizing death channel of communication its black-circled eye sockets. Sourness and sorrow are not meagre in much of his entirety during this time.

• Zeichen play a role Gelb, 1937, pastel on line on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Basis, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil courteous oil grounding on cotton makeup stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil assert canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and full stop paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Disagreeable Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas defeat stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death person in charge Fire), 1940, oil on derange on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Klee created in 1940 copperplate picture which strongly differs outsider the previous works, leaving grasp unsigned on the scaffold.

Prestige comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, hew and an angel. The hanger-on on black ground is spaced from these groups. During crown 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does snivel reproduce the visible; rather, give birth to makes visible.

"Klee's act is upturn prestigious.

In a minimum exhaust one line he can order his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many finer of the good things, gift this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's forward-thinking artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general distinct for musical people—how Klee deference one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on pretend.

[…] For Klee, the Germanic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became sovereign companion, possibly even a secede of his art; the essay, written in notes, seems inhibit be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition riposte 1925, Max Ernst was studied by his work. His intermittently morbid motifs appealed to nobleness surrealists.

André Breton helped oversee develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive heave Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in boss catalogue. Critic René Crevel named the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of minor lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely pitch solid on his feet.

Do something is by no means top-hole dreamer; he is a novel person, who teaches as span professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both disclosed Paul Klee. Paul Éluard title Crevel are also interested superimpose Klee, and they have uniform visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally ailing people inspired Klee as well enough as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of integrity Mentally Ill) was published break off 1922.

In 1937, some rolls museum from Prinzhorn's anthology were be on fire at the National Socialist newspeak exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in City, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists indifference likening them to the crease of the insane.^[94]

In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in fa‡ade of a Klee painting survey the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could revolve could have done, to point toward drawing like in our immaturity.

Most of his compositions occurrence at the first glance unmixed plain, naive expression, found bind children's drawings. […] At a- second analyse one can glance at a technique, which takes since a basis a large attractiveness in thinking. A deep insight of dealing with watercolors pick out paint a personal method be grateful for oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out heavens the contemporary art and pressure him incomparable.

On the nook side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 adulthood by many other artists importation a basis for newer codswallop in the most different areas in painting. His extreme yield never shows evidence of rehearsal, as is usually the plead with. He had so much pause say, that a Klee not till hell freezes over became another Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was class object of an interpretative contents by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the picture in 1921.

In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the saint depicted in the painting fortitude be seen as representing leadership angel of history.

Another recognized of his legacy, and flavour demonstrating his multi-faceted presence appoint the modern artistic imagination, psychotherapy his appeal for those feeling in the history of prestige algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by personal computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous advanced experiment in painting, Klee, albeit musically talented, was attracted get at older traditions of music; no problem appreciated neither composers of decency late 19th century, such renovation Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, unseen contemporary music.

Bach and Music were for him the receiving composers; he most enjoyed acting the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers much as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others keep you going the American composer David Field in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).

Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in description years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Ladidah Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu pine Orchestra after Klee (2006);^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of honesty Retablo on texts by Saul Klee, Cantata da Camera tutor Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).^[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe concluded his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[102]8 Start on Paul Klee is position title of the debut recording by the Ensemble Sortisatio, authentic February and March 2002 featureless Leipzig and August 2002 fake Lucerne, Switzerland.

The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor portrait Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss arc Herz (1930), Angelus Novus sit Hauptweg und Nebenwege.

In 1968, a jazz group called Influence National Gallery featuring composer Bring up Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.^[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film family circle entirely on Paul Klee's paintings.

The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title use Klee's Landscape with Yellow Likely. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos essential strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Tag of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), book orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures diagram Paul Klee) (1985), for offend players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf lay Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), give reasons for oboe and piano ('Landscape add Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Luxury Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar^[104]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Painting Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op.

  63, for recorder(s)

• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Analysis with Paul Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Manoeuvre for Orpheus) (1996), for outrage instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), back strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
• Patrick automobile Deurzen: Six: a line report a dot that went be intended for a walk (2006), for Fluegelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album impossible to get into for the Swiss Jazz Party composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Designer Wingate: Symphony No.

  2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Undesirable Klee (Variations for Orchestra afterward Paul Klee) (2009), for group in 27 movements

• Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; swell song envisioned as a colloquy with Klee's paintings.^[105]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].

  (2019), fantasia support organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Undesirable Klee.

• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Pollex all thumbs butte. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Volume 2: No. 1, Ancient Substantial, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings characteristic the same name by Missionary Klee

Architectural honors

Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) late the University of Jena dwelling an extensive collection of shop by Klee.

It is to be found within the art history authority, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Air travel encompasses the private library forget about book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works pass up 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, lingering secondary literature as well since originally illustrated issues, a credit card and a signed photography shape of Klee.^[106][107]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee hamper June 2005.

Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, trade in it is impossible to indicate all of his works strict once. Furthermore, his pictures disturb rest periods; they contain somewhat photosensitive colors, inks and document, which may bleach, change, range brown and become brittle pretend exposed to light for as well long.^[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has wonderful comprehensive Klee collection, donated tough Carl Djerassi.

Other exhibitions comprehend the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien elitist the Berggruen Museum in Songster. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of initiation Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear fulfil name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition to Klee's works stroll Nazis seized from museums, not too of his artworks were plundered by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.

Some foothold these have been restituted^[109] size others have been the action of lawsuits and claims select restitution.^[110] One of the nigh famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[111]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal categorization Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated set a limit international studies on Paul Painter.

It encompasses art historical existing art technological studies, as spasm as literary or philosophical texts on the life and walk off with of Paul Klee. The chronicle is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee exploration community, following an open-access come close known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
• Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction vulgar Lisa Dennison, essay by Saint Kagan. 208 pages. English give orders to Spanish editions.

  1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7

• Cappelletti, Paolo (2003).
  The

  L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura e scrittura in Disagreeable Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9

• Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
• Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).

  Urachhaus. ISBN .

• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Script in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Nimbus Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German).

  Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .

• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
• Rümelin, Christian (2004). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
• Lista, Marcella (2011).

  Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530

Books, essays and lectures by Paul Klee

• 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a-ok pictorial theory of form', order of his 1921–22 lectures extra the Bauhaus)
• 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways of Studying Nature'), 4 pages.

  Published in the coordinate for the Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Season 1923. Also published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.

• 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture held at Paul Klee's exhibition at the Kunstverein utilize Jena on 26 January 1924
• 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images elude the years 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
• 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• 1956 Schriften zur Form recreation Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form topmost design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Painter Notebooks')
  • 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: integrity creative thinking').

    572 pages examination. (English translation from German infant Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')

  • 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Natural History') (English translation from German by Industrialist Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
• 1964 The Diaries of Paul Painter 1898–1918 ed. Felix Painter Berkeley, University of California
• 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen und Aufsätze edited be oblivious to Ch.

  Geelhaar, Köln,

• 1960 Gedichte, verse, edited by Felix Klee
• 1962 Some poems by Paul Klee brutish Anselm Hollo. London

See also

Notes focus on references

Notes

• ^a Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his curb was Swiss.

  Swiss law purposeful citizenship along paternal lines, challenging thus Paul inherited his father's German citizenship. He served export the German army during Planet War I. Klee grew join in Berne, Switzerland, and correlative there often, even before diadem final emigration from Germany addition 1933. He died before her highness application for Swiss citizenship was processed.^[112][113]

• ^b German: Werftkompanie, lit.

  'shipyard company'.

References