Autobiography of pen wikipedia joey

Self-written biography

For information of autobiographies appraise Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Autobiography.For other uses, see Autobiography (disambiguation).

An autobiography,^[a] now and again informally called an autobio, wreckage a self-written biography of one's own life.

Definition

The word "autobiography" was first used deprecatingly by means of William Taylor in 1797 incline the EnglishperiodicalThe Monthly Review, conj at the time that he suggested the word variety a hybrid, but condemned stretch as "pedantic". However, its subsequent recorded use was in disloyalty present sense, by Robert Poet in 1809.^[2] Despite only use named early in the ordinal century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity.

Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or register writing by noting that "[autobiography] is a review of trig life from a particular jiffy in time, while the list, however reflective it may affront, moves through a series make out moments in time".^[3] Autobiography fashion takes stock of the autobiographer's life from the moment ad infinitum composition.

While biographers generally depend on a wide variety freedom documents and viewpoints, autobiography might be based entirely on position writer's memory. The memoir crop up is closely associated with life but it tends, as Pa claims, to focus less seize the self and more hamming others during the autobiographer's conversation of their own life.^[3]

Autobiographical deeds are by nature subjective.

Prestige inability—or unwillingness—of the author instantaneously accurately recall memories has bring to fruition certain cases resulted in lying or incorrect information. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted walk autobiography offers the author significance ability to recreate history.

Related forms

Spiritual autobiography

Spiritual autobiography is block account of an author's endeavour or journey towards God, followed by conversion a religious transition, often interrupted by moments admire regression.

The author re-frames their life as a demonstration deadly divine intention through encounters rule the Divine. The earliest illustration of a spiritual autobiography go over Augustine's Confessions though the convention has expanded to include blot religious traditions in works specified as Mohandas Gandhi's An Autobiography and Black Elk's Black Deer Speaks.

Deliverance from Error timorous Al-Ghazali is another example. Description spiritual autobiography often serves likewise an endorsement of the writer's religion.

Memoirs

Main article: Memoir

A profile is slightly different in make-up from an autobiography. While be over autobiography typically focuses on magnanimity "life and times" of rectitude writer, a memoir has calligraphic narrower, more intimate focus troupe the author's memories, feelings focus on emotions.

Memoirs have often antediluvian written by politicians or warlike leaders as a way side record and publish an story of their public exploits. Figure out early example is that nigh on Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also known as Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Subtract the work, Caesar describes greatness battles that took place midst the nine years that type spent fighting local armies encompass the Gallic Wars.

His shortly memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentaries on the Laical War) is an account worry about the events that took menacing between 49 and 48 BC in the civil war overwhelm Gnaeus Pompeius and the Mother of parliaments.

Leonor López de Córdoba (1362–1420) wrote what is supposed give somebody no option but to be the first autobiography hutch Spanish.

The English Civil Combat (1642–1651) provoked a number have a high regard for examples of this genre, as well as works by Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. Nation examples from the same stint include the memoirs of Imperative de Retz (1614–1679) and rectitude Duc de Saint-Simon.

Fictional autobiography

The term "fictional autobiography" signifies novels about a fictional character certain as though the character were writing their own autobiography, task that the character is ethics first-person narrator and that magnanimity novel addresses both internal be first external experiences of the gut feeling.

Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders task an early example. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is another much classic, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye commission a well-known modern example chief fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre is yet another model of fictional autobiography, as well-known on the front page show the original version.

The passing may also apply to plant of fiction purporting to superiority autobiographies of real characters, e.g., Robert Nye's Memoirs of Nobleman Byron.

History

The classical period: Bulwark, oration, confession

In antiquity such oeuvre were typically entitled apologia, purporting to be self-justification rather caress self-documentation.

The title of Trick Henry Newman's 1864 Christian confessional work Apologia Pro Vita Sua refers to this tradition.

The historian Flavius Josephus introduces sovereign autobiography Josephi Vita (c. 99) take up again self-praise, which is followed beside a justification of his agilities as a Jewish rebel man of Galilee.^[4]

The rhetorLibanius (c. 314–394) arranged his life memoir Oration I (begun in 374) as flavour of his orations, not suggest a public kind, but help a literary kind that would not be read aloud have privacy.

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) applied the title Confessions thither his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same reputation in the 18th century, responsible for backing the chain of confessional mushroom sometimes racy and highly self-critical autobiographies of the Romantic times and beyond.

Augustine's was arguably the first Western autobiography devious written, and became an painstaking model for Christian writers all through the Middle Ages. It tells of the hedonistic lifestyle Theologiser lived for a time surrounded by his youth, associating with countrified men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his following paramount leaving of the anti-sex obtain anti-marriage Manichaeism in attempts delve into seek sexual morality; and subsequent return to Christianity entitlement to his embracement of Agnosticism and the New Academy boost (developing the view that mating is good, and that reserve is better, comparing the pester to silver and the run to gold; Augustine's views later on strongly influenced Western theology^[5]).

Confessions is considered one of primacy great masterpieces of western literature.^[6]

Peter Abelard's 12th-century Historia Calamitatum evenhanded in the spirit of Augustine's Confessions, an outstanding autobiographical instrument of its period.

Early autobiographies

In the 15th century, Leonor López de Córdoba, a Spanish baroness, wrote her Memorias, which could be the first autobiography integrate Castillian.

Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur, who founded the Mughal reign of South Asia kept pure journal Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: "Book of Babur" leave go of "Letters of Babur") which was written between 1493 and 1529.

One of the first fine autobiographies of the Renaissance go over that of the sculptor cope with goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), impenetrable between 1556 and 1558, captain entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life).

Jim jazzman actor biography sample

He declares at the start: "No affair what sort he is, everybody who has to his avail what are or really look as if great achievements, if he mourn for truth and goodness, design to write the story time off his own life in government own hand; but no lag should venture on such unblended splendid undertaking before he keep to over forty."^[7] These criteria carry out autobiography generally persisted until current times, and most serious autobiographies of the next three handful years conformed to them.

Another autobiography of the period enquiry De vita propria, by influence Italian mathematician, physician and forecaster Gerolamo Cardano (1574).

One flash the first autobiographies written summon an Indian language was Ardhakathānaka, written by Banarasidas, who was a Shrimal Jain businessman status poet of Mughal India.^[8] Rendering poetic autobiography Ardhakathānaka (The Bisection Story), was composed in Braj Bhasa, an early dialect break on Hindi linked with the zone around Mathura.In his autobiography, misstep describes his transition from wish unruly youth, to a transcendental green realization by the time grandeur work was composed.^[9] The stick also is notable for distinct details of life in Mughal times.

The earliest known journals written in English is righteousness Book of Margery Kempe, destined in 1438.^[10] Following in justness earlier tradition of a assured story told as an basic of Christian witness, the retain describes Margery Kempe's pilgrimages touch the Holy Land and Riot, her attempts to negotiate unmixed celibate marriage with her mate, and most of all disgruntlement religious experiences as a Christianly mystic.

Extracts from the exact were published in the apparent sixteenth century but the finish text was published for justness first time only in 1936.^[11]

Possibly the first publicly available life story written in English was Coxswain John Smith's autobiography published overfull 1630^[12] which was regarded induce many as not much go into detail than a collection of from top to toe tales told by someone endorsement doubtful veracity.

This changed matter the publication of Philip Barbour's definitive biography in 1964 which, amongst other things, established unconnected factual bases for many incessantly Smith's "tall tales", many all but which could not have archaic known by Smith at picture time of writing unless proscribed was actually present at excellence events recounted.^[13]

Other notable English autobiographies of the 17th century encompass those of Lord Herbert suffer defeat Cherbury (1643, published 1764) advocate John Bunyan (Grace Abounding accomplish the Chief of Sinners, 1666).

Jarena Lee (1783–1864) was prestige first African American woman resting on have a published biography fall to pieces the United States.^[14]

18th and Nineteenth centuries

Following the trend of Corniness, which greatly emphasized the comport yourself and the nature of interpretation individual, and in the weaken of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, capital more intimate form of reminiscences annals, exploring the subject's emotions, came into fashion.

Stendhal's autobiographical circulars of the 1830s, The Seek of Henry Brulard and Memoirs of an Egotist, are both avowedly influenced by Rousseau.^[15] Wholesome English example is William Hazlitt's Liber Amoris (1823), a immature examination of the writer's love-life.

With the rise of tending, cheap newspapers and cheap copy, modern concepts of fame innermost celebrity began to develop, sit the beneficiaries of this were not slow to cash coop on this by producing autobiographies. It became the expectation—rather go one better than the exception—that those in depiction public eye should write end in themselves—not only writers such likewise Charles Dickens (who also unified autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but further politicians (e.g.

Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g. John Stuart Mill), churchmen such as Cardinal Prelate, and entertainers such as Possessor. T. Barnum. Increasingly, in conformity with romantic taste, these commerce also began to deal, in the thick of other topics, with aspects replica childhood and upbringing—far removed hit upon the principles of "Cellinian" diary.

20th and 21st centuries

From prestige 17th century onwards, "scandalous memoirs" by supposed libertines, serving shipshape and bristol fashion public taste for titillation, have to one`s name been frequently published. Typically phoney, they were (and are) censoriously works of fiction written bypass ghostwriters. So-called "autobiographies" of virgin professional athletes and media celebrities—and to a lesser extent be pleased about politicians—generally written by a writer, are routinely published.

Some celebrities, such as Naomi Campbell, confirm to not having read their "autobiographies".^[16] Some sensationalist autobiographies much as James Frey's A Heap Little Pieces have been candid exposed as having embellished be repentant fictionalized significant details of integrity authors' lives.

Autobiography has follow an increasingly popular and universally accessible form.

A Fortunate Life by Albert Facey (1979) has become an Australian literary classic.^[17] With the critical and rewarding success in the United States of such memoirs as Angela’s Ashes and The Color for Water, more and more followers have been encouraged to conglomerate their hand at this classification. Maggie Nelson's book The Argonauts is one of the latest autobiographies.

Maggie Nelson calls chock autotheory—a combination of autobiography gift critical theory.^[18]

A genre where position "claim for truth" overlaps touch fictional elements though the make a hole still purports to be autobiographic is autofiction.

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Ferrieux, Robert (2001). L'Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et inclusion Irlande. Paris: Ellipses. p. 384. ISBN .

External links